Ideal Concept of Traditional Justice in Solving Criminal Case

Customary law is an unwritten rule that lives in the customary community of an area and will continue to live as long as the community still fulfils the customary law that was passed on to them from their ancestors before them. Settlement in criminal cases through customary law that produces results is a form of legal certainty. This study aims to determine the ideal concept in resolving criminal cases through customary courts in Merauke Papua. The method used in this study is a combination of normative legal research and empirical legal research with the reason that the author wants to examine the norms related to the problem of resolving customary criminal cases and seek direct information on the implementation of customary justice in Merauke Regency which is presented descriptively. recognition of customary courts must be stated in writing in the law on judicial power so that this institution has a clear legal basis and its decisions can be recognized so that it does not need to be tried again through national courts, criminal threats under five years must be resolved through customary courts and are final decisions Received: 23 August 2021 / Accepted: 25 October 2021 / Published: 3 January 2022

Unwritten Rule

In 2012, Cambodia — an epicenter of violent land grabbing — announced a bold new initiative to develop land redistribution efforts inside agribusiness concessions. This book focuses on this land reform to understand the larger nature of democracy in Cambodia. The book contends that the national land-titling program, the so-called leopard skin land reform, was first and foremost a political campaign orchestrated by the world's longest-serving prime minister, Hun Sen. The reform aimed to secure the loyalty of rural voters, produce “modern” farmers, and wrest control over land distribution from local officials. Through ambiguous legal directives and unwritten rules guiding the allocation of land, the government fostered uncertainty and fear within local communities. The book gives pause both to celebratory claims that land reform will enable land tenure security, and to critical claims that land reform will enmesh rural people more tightly in state bureaucracies and create a fiscally legible landscape. Instead, the book argues that the extension of formal property rights strengthened the very patronage-based politics that Western development agencies hope to subvert.

A goalkeeper’s performance in stopping free kicks reduces when the defensive wall blocks their initial view of the ball

Free kicks are an important goal scoring opportunity in football. It is an unwritten rule that the goalkeeper places a wall of defending players with the aim of making scoring harder for the attacking team. However, the defensive wall can occlude the movements of the kicker, as well as the initial part of the ball trajectory. Research on one-handed catching suggests that a ball coming into view later will likely delay movement initiation and possibly affect performance. Here, we used virtual reality to investigate the effect of the visual occlusion of the initial ball trajectory by the wall on the performance of naïve participants and skilled goalkeepers. We showed that movements were initiated significantly later when the wall was present, but not by the same amount as the duration of occlusion (~200ms, versus a movement delay of ~70-90ms); movements were thus initiated sooner after the ball came into view, based on less accumulated information. For both naïve participants and skilled goalkeepers this delayed initiation significantly affected performance (i.e., 3.6cm and 1.5cm larger spatial hand error, respectively, not differing significantly between the groups). These performance reductions were significantly larger for shorter flight times, reaching increased spatial errors of 4.5cm and 2.8cm for both groups, respectively. Further analyses showed that the wall-induced performance reduction did not differ significantly between free kicks with and without sideward curve. The wall influenced early movement biases, but only for free kicks with curve in the same direction as the required movement; these biases were away from the final ball position, thus hampering performance. Our results cannot suggest an all-out removal of the wall–this study only considered one potential downside–but should motivate goalkeepers to continuously evaluate whether placing a wall is their best option. This seems most pertinent when facing expert free kick takers for whom the wall does not act as a block (i.e., whose kicks consistently scale the wall).

Kiai Sebagai Figur Toleransi Kearifan Lokal di Lasem

<p><span>This article wants to portray the role of Kyai as inspiration for tolerance in Lasem Central Java, Indonesia. Inter-religious tolerance as Lasem peoples' local wisdom. This research focuses on a complete picture of the phenomenon being studied. The approach used is a case study by exploring community interactions in the research object. In-depth interviews were done to get the data. The result of this research shows that tolerance is an appreciation and respect between individuals or groups with different backgrounds. The role of a kyai to raise people's tolerance, exemplify attitudes, and words to become a role model for the peoples of Lasem. An unwritten rule in the form of tolerance which has become a reference for the community in life and has become local wisdom in Lasem.</span></p>

Modi’s party depends heavily on his leadership

Significance Modi’s Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) is widely thought to have an unwritten rule that its leaders must retire from active politics at 75. The next general election is due in 2024, when the prime minister will turn 74. Impacts Pandemic-related restrictions will deprive Modi of the chance to use overseas trips to mobilise support from the Indian diaspora. Opposition criticism of the Modi government’s handling of the economy will cost the BJP support in some state elections. The prime minister will campaign personally in upcoming state polls in a bid to bolster his party’s chances.

The The Use of WhatsApp Group to Maintain Intercultural Friendship

This research aims to analyze the use of WhatsApp Group (WAG) as a medium for maintaining intercultural friendship among people with different cultural backgrounds namely the alumni of The Ship for Southeast Asian and Japanese Youth Program (SSEAYP) batch ‘89. This research used a case study approach with a qualitative research design. The data were collected through direct observation of the texts, pictures, emoticons, and videos shared in the WAG and interviews with 20 informants who are the members of the group coming from different countries. The Needs Hierarchy Theory of Maslow and the Social Exchange Theory of Thibaut and Kelley were used in this research. The findings show that the alumni of SSEAYP Batch ’89 joined the WAG to maintain intercultural friendship among them by exchanging information about their and their families’ conditions; expressing birthday wishes; congratulating each other’s achievements of studies or works; congratulating religious celebrations; fundraising for certain events; and coordinating reunions. To maintain their friendship, the WAG members implicitly agreed to an unwritten rule that they must respect each other, be tolerant, and be open-minded. They also agreed that topics related to politics and religion are not allowed to be posted and discussed in the group, except for greetings on religious occasions. In addition, humor that causes unnecessary laughter and pictures and videos that tend to be pornographic or demeaning to women should not be posted in the group. The discussion about football also should not be too deep to avoid fanaticism with certain teams or players which might result in division or enmity between the group members.

L’archipel Butor. Une régénération, par la culture, d’un village soumis à la métropolisation genevoise

Regeneration, as usually presented, implies economic death. Lucinges, a village located in the French Genevese, does not have this characteristic, its regeneration started from a substratum of cultural death. Geneva concentrates all forms of urban culture and thus by its metropolitan size, sterilizes all cultural development on its outlying territories. The functional approach crushes the initial rural culture, engaging Lucinges in a trivialisation’s process. The municipality decided to get out of this standardisation by creating a strong cultural venue which would unite inhabitants and structure the elected official decisions. Michel Butor’s put forward by his donation to the town is became the village’s new cultural identity, bringing coherence to speeches and projects. The school, the library, the mansion, the Butor house will reshape the town center geography and history. They participate in a strong symbolic representation of the territory forming the Butor Archipelago. The desire to inscribe Lucinges in its modern time, without giving up the génie du lieu, allows the implantation of contemporary architecture as an expression of the local project. It is not a marketing process. These remarkable circumstances, allow an architect to work in a village center through successive projects. The successive additions are an opportunity to materialize a though about contemporary architecture as a regeneration of an identity. It is the set of gradually constituted logics which connects the projects with an unwritten rule. The criticism of previous achievements feeds the global thought for future projects. The emergence of those islands reveals the archipelago.

Unchanging Struggle in a Changing World: Unmasking the Social Mechanism in Female Verses

Despite the prevalence of gender-based theories of feminism and women language after 19 th century, several female scholars emerged from the Sangam era and sowed the seeds of this idea. The lists of the female poets are Avvaiyar, Perunkopendu, Andal, Karaikalammaiyar and present women language poets. With the changing times and the voices of various feminist rebellions, the social texture that is limited to women has not only changed, but the plight of women has increased on a daily basis. In particular, the definitions of women in the two different contexts of home and work are still unchanged. Although women are projected to have created a free space for education and economic quality, there are still women who accept subjugation as on unwritten rule. This paper is a study of women language verse, which has recorded this constant dehumanization as a weapon of language and provoking social conscience as feminism.

A goalkeeper’s performance in stopping free kicks reduces when the defensive wall blocks their initial view of the ball

Free kicks are an important goal scoring opportunity in football. It is an unwritten rule that the goalkeeper places a wall of defending players with the aim of making scoring harder for the attacking team. However, the defensive wall can occlude the movements of the kicker, as well as the initial part of the ball trajectory. Research on one-handed catching suggests that a ball coming into view later will likely delay movement initiation and possibly affect performance. Here, we used virtual reality to investigate the effect of the visual occlusion of the initial ball trajectory by the wall on the performance of naïve participants and skilled goalkeepers. We showed that movements were initiated significantly later when the wall was present, but not by the same amount as the duration of occlusion (~200ms, versus a movement delay of ~70-90ms); movements were thus initiated sooner after the ball came into view, based on less accumulated information. For both naïve participants and skilled goalkeepers this delayed initiation significantly affected performance (i.e., 3.6cm and 1.5cm larger spatial hand error, respectively, not differing significantly between the groups). These performance reductions were significantly larger for shorter flight times, reaching increased spatial errors of 4.5cm and 2.8cm for both groups, respectively. Further analyses showed that the wall-induced performance reduction did not differ significantly between free kicks with and without sideward curve. The wall induced early movement biases, but only for free kicks with curve in the same direction as the required movement; these biases were away from the final ball position, thus hampering performance. Our results cannot suggest an all-out removal of the wall - this study only considered one potential downside – but should motivate goalkeepers to continuously evaluate whether placing a wall is their best option. This seems most pertinent when facing expert free kick takers for whom the wall does not act as a block (i.e., whose kicks consistently scale the wall).