Spatiotemporal Patterns of Burned Areas Based on the Geographic Information System for Fire Risk Monitoring

Forest and land fires occur every year in Indonesia. Efforts to handle forest and land fires have not been optimal because fires occur in too many places with unclear patterns and densities. The study analyzed the spatiotemporal patterns of burned areas and fire density in fire-prone areas in Indonesia. Data of burned areas were taken from http://sipongi.menlhk.go.id/. The website collected its data from NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) images. Data were analyzed using the hot spot analysis to determine the spatiotemporal patterns of the burned areas and the kernel density analysis to examine the density of land fires. Findings showed that the spatiotemporal pattern from 2016 to 2019 formed a hot spot value in the peatland area with a confidence level of 90–99%, meaning that land fires were clustered in that area. In addition, the highest density of land fires also occurred in the peatland areas. Clustered burned areas with high fire density were found in areas with low–medium vegetation density—they were the peatland areas. The peatland areas must become the priority to prevent and handle forest and land fires to reduce fire risks.

GIS-based NNA and Kernel Density Analysis for Identifying Distribution of Restaurant’s Popularity Index in Bandung

With the advancement of information and communication technology, geographic information systems (GIS) also grow. The existence of GIS allows problems to be solved as much as possible by paying attention to the surrounding space. GIS applications have been widely applied in everyday life including in the culinary field. The existence of GIS in the culinary field can make it easier to find location information where a restaurant is located and find out how the restaurant’s popularity index is. This research focuses on using NNA and KDA to analyze distribution patterns formed from each classification of restaurant popularity index in Bandung and the density of the restaurant point. Restaurant data containing restaurant names, restaurant addresses, restaurant types, food types, and restaurant popularity indexes were obtained from Zomato using Zomato’s Application Programming Interface (API). The result of this research are spatial distribution pattern of the high, medium, and low popularity restaurants in Bandung City showing the same characteristics, clustering and has a large density in several sub-districts.

Oliver Tambo International Airport, South Africa: Land-Use Conflicts Between Airports and Wildlife Habitats

Airports stimulate tourism and trade and are a vital link in any country’s tourism infrastructure and economy. Large airports such as South Africa’s busiest airport, the OR Tambo International Airport, in Ekurhuleni, Gauteng, are usually located on the periphery of cities, usually on land that forms part of the peri-urban economy, reserved perhaps for farming or left undeveloped. As a result, such land often becomes a wildlife haven within the more “urbanized” or developed areas. Unfortunately, this places wildlife, especially birds on a collision course with aircraft. So much so that bird and other animal strikes cost the aviation industry millions of US dollars annually. Therefore, it is essential to reduce the number of wildlife strikes, not only lower the risk of damage to aircraft, increase passenger safety and reduce operational delays, but also prevent a decline in local wildlife populations. Thus, this paper argues that South Africa must improve its management of land-use close to airports to minimize the potential for wildlife strikes. In that regard, this study catalogs the different habitats and land-use types surrounding OR Tambo International Airport, identifying potential bird hazard zones using kernel density analysis. This identifies which areas pose the highest risk of bird strikes. Although land-use and land zoning by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) recommends a 13 km buffer zone around airports, this study shows that land-use in the buffer zone must also take potential bird strikes into account. Thus, airport operators need to work with land-use planning authorities and neighboring stakeholders to do so.

Temporal and spatial distribution of ancient sites in Shaanxi Province using geographic information systems (GIS)

Revealing the evolutionary history of the relationship between humans and Earth will help us understand the spatial and temporal distribution of ancient cultural sites (referred to as ancient sites). This research explored the spatial and temporal distribution of ancient sites in Shaanxi Province (China) from the Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty and assessed their correlation with the natural environment and economic patterns using geographic information system (GIS) technologies. The results indicated that (1) the ancient sites in the two periods were mainly centered in Xi'an based on kernel density analysis. The number of ancient sites in the Han to the Northern and Southern Dynasties was greater than that in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. The spatial distribution of ancient sites indicated that more sites are present in northern Shaanxi Province than in the south. (2) The ancient sites in Shaanxi Province were concentrated in the plain area with an elevation of approximately 866 m; the aspects were south, east, and southeast; and the slopes were 0 ~ 3° based on an analysis of the topographic features. (3) The ancient sites were concentrated within 10 km of the river. Fewer ancient sites were distributed with increasing distance from the river, indicating a linear distribution of ancient sites.

DISEASE INVESTIGATION OF STONE CARVING BY SPATIAL ANALYSIS: A CASE STUDY ON THE STONE CARVING OF DAZU THOUSAND-HAND BODHISATTVA

Cultural relics are often threatened by nature and human, especially stone carving relics which have immovable characteristics. Compared with other cultural relics, the diseases of stone carving relics are more complex, and they can affect carvings’ cultural and artistic value to a great extent. This article selects Dazu thousand-hand bodhisattva as a case, not only because it has a strong representation in Chinese stone carving art, but also considering that there are many complex diseases in the whole range after a long history, therefore the Dazu thousand-hand bodhisattva has high research value, and scientific investigation methods are essential for the protection and research of cultural relics. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the arm diseases of Dazu thousand-hand bodhisattva by using the two methods of GIS spatial analysis: kernel density analysis and trend analysis. The past investigation methods are difficult to achieve the expected results because of their strong subjectivity and narrow range, and the use of spatial analysis to investigate the diseases of stone carvings can study the spatial characteristics and coupling relationship of stone carvings from the macro level.

Indeks aksesibilitas regional Jawa Tengah dan Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta menggunakan principal component analysis dan kernel density analysis

<p class="Abstract">Jawa Tengah dan Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta merupakan dua provinsi yang memiliki keterkaitan tinggi. Studi-studi sebelumnya menerangkan bahwa keterkaitan itu utamanya adalah keterkaitan ekonomi. Keterkaitan ekonomi tersebut terjadi berkat adanya aksesibilitas regional antara Jawa Tengah dan Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Aksesibilitas regional telah lama diteliti dengan berbagai teknik perhitungan. Seringkali penggunaan teknik-teknik tersebut tidak dapat diaplikasikan secara cepat untuk menghitung dalam skala regional dikarenakan sulitnya memperoleh data yang lengkap sampai unit administratif terkecil. Di sisi lain, telah tersedia data potensi desa yang dipublikasikan secara teratur setiap tiga tahun oleh BPS yang memuat data waktu tempuh dan jarak tempuh sampai level desa. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengukur aksesibilitas regional di Jawa Tengah dan Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Metode yang digunakan adalah principal component analysis dan kernel density analysis. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa nilai aksesibilitas regional di Jawa Tengah dan Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta sebagian besar adalah sedang sampai tinggi. Pada Jawa Tengah dan Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta terbentuk beberapa kelompok integrasi aksesibilitas regional. Penelitian ini membuktikan dimungkinkannya penggunaan teknik analisis lain untuk menghitung aksesibilitas regional selain daripada teknik-teknik yang sudah diketahui.</p>

The Research on Temporal–Spatial Distribution and Morphological Characteristics of Ancient Ruins in Shaanxi Province

This paper uses the spatial analysis method of GIS to study the temporal–spatial distribution characteristics of ancient sites from the Han to the Tang periods in Shaanxi Province. (1) Analysis of topographic features reveals that ancient sites in Shaanxi Province are concentrated in plain areas with slopes due south, east, and southeast, elevations of about 866m, and slopes of 0 to 3°. (2) From the point line analysis, founding the sites are concentrated in the range of 10km, the farther away from the river, the fewer tombs distributed, it shows that the distribution of ancient tombs is linear. (3) The final kernel density analysis found that the site sites from the Han to the Northern and Southern Dynasties were concentrated in the Guanzhong Plain, while the distribution in other areas was more scattered; In the Sui and the Tang Dynasties, the sites were mainly distributed in Guanzhong Plain with Xi'an as the center. Studying the temporal–spatial distribution characteristics of ancient sites can not only explore the relationship between the development of ancient human society and the evolution of the natural environment but also provide a reference for the further study of sites in the future.

The neural bases of program comprehension: a coordinate-based fMRI meta-analysis

The understanding of brain activity during program comprehension have advanced thanks to noninvasive neuroimaging techniques, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). However, individual neuroimaging studies of program comprehension often provided inconsistent results and made it difficult to identify the neural bases. To identify the essential brain regions, this study performed a small meta-analysis on recent fMRI studies of program comprehension using multilevel kernel density analysis (MKDA). Our analysis identified a set of brain regions consistently activated in various program comprehension tasks. These regions consisted of three clusters, each of which centered at the left inferior frontal gyrus pars triangularis (IFG Tri), posterior part of middle temporal gyrus (pMTG), and right middle frontal gyrus (MFG). Additionally, subsequent analyses revealed relationships among the activation patterns in the previous studies and multiple cognitive functions. These findings suggest that program comprehension mainly recycles the language-related networks and partially employs other domain-general resources in the human brain.

Spatial Distribution and Influencing Factors of Chinese Time-Honored Catering Brands in the Five Northwestern Provinces

The Chinese Time-honored Catering Brands (CTCBs) in the five northwestern provinces are the accumulation of culture in the northwest of China and have precious value. Their formation and development process have their own characteristics and rules. In order to clarify the spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of CTCBs in these provinces, this study uses geolocated social media data (the data of the CTCBs’ directory, location, and per capita consumption level), and applies statistical analysis, kernel density analysis, standard deviational ellipse, and buffer analysis to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of CTCBs in the five northwestern provinces. The results show that: (1) the spatial development intensity of CTCBs is relatively strong in their original place, and their spatial distribution is uneven. The overall distribution is in the northwest-southeast direction, with strong agglomeration, and tends to be scattered in the periphery of the agglomeration area. There are some areas with higher concentrations distributed in the form of patches. (2) The number and spatial distribution of old brands with different grades and tastes have different characteristics. (3) The spatial distribution pattern of CTCBs is formed under a variety of factors, such as historical and traditional culture, regional traffic conditions and urban development patterns, etc.