scholarly journals Frequencies of drought at Ranchi regions, Jharkhand

MAUSAM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-460
Author(s):  
P. K. SINGH ◽  
L. S. RATHORE ◽  
B. ATHIYAMAN ◽  
K. K. SINGH ◽  
A. K. BAXLA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Aridity Index ◽  
Actual Evapotranspiration ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Moderate Drought ◽  
Annual Water ◽  
Water Surplus ◽  
Probability Analyses

Studies of water balance have been carried out for Ranchi taking 35 years (1970-2004) of climate data. Ranchi has annual water need of 1754 mm, rainfall of 1460 mm, actual evapotranspiration (AE) of 860 mm, water surplus (WS) of 600 mm and water deficit (WD) of 894 mm. The aridity index values were analyzed to assess the frequency of drought experienced of this region. The study reveals that during the above period, Ranchi has experienced 11 percent of large drought and severe drought, but only 3 per cent disastrous droughts in 35 years. Moderate drought category is observed to be most common with 23 per cent probability. Analyses of periods will contagious drought indicate that during the five year period 1980-84 and 1995-99, moderate, large and severe droughts were experienced.

scholarly journals Assessing Annual Actual Evapotranspiration Based on Climate, Topography and Soil in Natural and Agricultural Ecosystems

Climate ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Kleoniki Demertzi ◽  
Vassilios Pisinaras ◽  
Emanuel Lekakis ◽  
Evangelos Tziritis ◽  
Konstantinos Babakos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Hydrological Model ◽  
Actual Evapotranspiration ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Loading Effects ◽  
Very High ◽  
Of Greece

Simple formulas for estimating annual actual evapotranspiration (AET) based on annual climate data are widely used in large scale applications. Such formulas do not have distinct compartments related to topography, soil and irrigation, and for this reason may be limited in basins with high slopes, where runoff is the dominant water balance component, and in basins where irrigated agriculture is dominant. Thus, a simplistic method for assessing AET in both natural ecosystems and agricultural systems considering the aforementioned elements is proposed in this study. The method solves AET through water balance based on a set of formulas that estimate runoff and percolation. These formulas are calibrated by the results of the deterministic hydrological model GLEAMS (Groundwater Loading Effects of Agricultural Management Systems) for a reference surface. The proposed methodology is applied to the country of Greece and compared with the widely used climate-based methods of Oldekop, Coutagne and Turk. The results show that the proposed methodology agrees very well with the method of Turk for the lowland regions but presents significant differences in places where runoff is expected to be very high (sloppy areas and areas of high rainfall, especially during December–February), suggesting that the proposed method performs better due to its runoff compartment. The method can also be applied in a single application considering irrigation only for the irrigated lands to more accurately estimate AET in basins with a high percentage of irrigated agriculture.

Modelling seasonal evapotranspiration of arid lands in China

2011 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanrun Zheng ◽  
Zhixiao Xie ◽  
Charles Roberts ◽  
Ping An ◽  
Xiangjun Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Western China ◽  
Actual Evapotranspiration ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Robust Model ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Local Soil

The measurement of actual evapotranspiration, a key term in the water balance equation, has become a very important issue. Many good methods exist for estimating actual evapotranspiration; however, most of these require complicated inputs. Here, a simple but robust model for estimation of actual evapotranspiration in arid areas of western China is proposed. This model is a visual system with a user-friendly interface in the STELLA (a commercial software package for building numerical models) environment combined with two existing water balance equations and local soil and climate data to ensure its easy application in developing areas. Validation with field measurements revealed that the estimated values of actual evapotranspiration obtained using the model are in agreement with the observed values. Both the established Choudhury model and the proposed model produced similar estimates when the actual annual evapotranspiration is below 200 mm, but the model proposed simulates real-world conditions more precisely when the actual annual evapotranspiration is greater than 200 mm. Another advantage of the proposed model is that it uses simple and reliable climate data that are readily available from the network of weather stations in China. The simulation results could serve as a relatively good reference for water resource management in this area.

scholarly journals Extreme Hydrologic Events in North Area of Buenos Aires Province (Argentina)

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Daniel Capriolo ◽  
Olga Eugenia Scarpati
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Soil Water Balance ◽  
Buenos Aires Province ◽  
Soil Water Deficit ◽  
Water Surplus ◽  
Wilting Point

This paper presents the soil water deficit and soil water surplus obtained from soil water balance in three drainage areas of Buenos Aires province for the period from 1971 to 2010. The soil water balance had been performed using the evapotranspiration formula of Penman-Monteith and considering the soil water constants: field capacity, soil water moisture, and soil wilting point for all the different types of soils of the region. The obtained soil water deficit and surplus are considered as triggers of extreme hydrologic events. Annual threshold values of 200 mm of soil water deficit and 300 mm of soil water surplus were considered for drought and flood, respectively. It was found that almost the 25% of the floods are severe and extreme while the 50% of droughts were of these intensities. Mann-Kendall statistical test was performed, and significance trends at level 0.1 were found for drought and for two periods, one of twenty years (1991–2010) and the other of ten years (2001–2010). As a sample of the temporal evolution of both events and their trends, the results of one locality (Junin) were deeply analyzed.

scholarly journals Calculation of meteorological water balance in Iraq

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-89
Author(s):  
Hussein Ilaibi Zamil Al-Sudani ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Meteorological Station ◽  
Actual Evapotranspiration ◽  
North East ◽  
Crucial Component ◽  
Water Surplus ◽  
Main Components ◽  
The Impact

The hydrology section is divided into two main components, surface and groundwater. One of the most important outcomes in the water balance equation for any natural area or water body is Evapotranspiration and it is also a crucial component of the hydrologic cycle. Prediction of monthly evapotranspiration can be obtained depending on observed monthly average temperatures at a meteorological station in each year. Calculating of water balance in Iraq depending on meteorological data and Thornthwaite method was the aim of this research. Results of corrected potential evapotranspiration (PEc) obtained from applying Thornthwaite formula were compared with annual and monthly rainfall in thirty two meteorological station in order to estimate actual evapotranspiration (AE). The results showed that the annual summation of rainfall increased from south west towards north east according to the increasing ratio of rainfall due to the impact of Mediterranean climate condition on Iraq. Actual evapotranspiration depends directly on water excess during calculating water balance. Water surplus contour map indicates increased values towards north-east direction of Iraq, where water surplus depends directly on both rainfall and actual evapotranspiration.

scholarly journals Agroclimatic zoning for coffee crop in Angola

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aristides Osvaldo Ngolo ◽  
Elpídio Inácio Fernandes Filho ◽  
Williams Pinto Marques Ferreira ◽  
Raphael Bragança Alves Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Total Precipitation ◽  
Precipitation Data ◽  
Total Rainfall ◽  
Arabica Coffee ◽  
Effective Precipitation ◽  
Family Farmers ◽  
Robusta Coffee ◽  
Annual Water

ABSTRACT The Angolan Government intends to recover its 1970s expressive production of coffee by means of agricultural financing programs, mainly directed to family farmers. This study aimed to perform the agroclimatic zoning for the coffee crop in the Angolan territory. Data or estimates of annual temperature, effective and total rainfall rates, climatic water balance and annual water deficit were evaluated for all the 163 Angolan municipalities. The effective and total precipitation data were used for the agroclimatic zoning of the coffee crop in the country. Based on the effective precipitation data, 1 %, 20 % and 79 % of the Angolan territory were respectively considered suitable, marginal and unsuitable for the Arabica coffee, while, for the Robusta coffee, the same rates were, respectively, 1 %, 8 % and 91 %. Based on the total precipitation data, these rates were 2 %, 27.5 % and 70.5 % for the Arabica coffee and 1 %, 11.8 % and 87.2 % for the Robusta coffee. The areas considered marginal and unsuitable for the coffee crop in Angola are related to water deficit conditions, mainly in the southwestern region and along the coastal strip. The results obtained from the climatic water balance show that most part of the Angolan territory is marginal or unsuitable for the coffee crop.

scholarly journals Effect of moderate and severe drought stress on the pre-anthesis development and yield formation of oats

1991 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 379-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Peltonen-Sainio
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Developmental Rate ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Moderate Drought ◽  
Effects Of Drought ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Yield Formation

Greenhouse experiments were conducted at the University of Helsinki, Department of Crop Husbandry in 1989 and 1990 to provide information on the effects of drought stress on the developmental rate of the panicle, formation and abortion of florets, and formation of yield components in two oat cultivars, both adapted to the northern marginal growing conditions. Moderate water deficit and severe drought stress did not affect the developmental rate of the panicle, but the pre-anthesis and post-anthesis architecture changed considerably; leaves unrolled later, the number of green leaves was lower, the internodes lengthened less, and the inflorescence was shorter as a consequence of water deficit. Drought stress decreased the number of fertile florets in the panicle significantly, in the lower clusters of branches in particular. In the cultivar “Puhti”, 57 % of the fertile florets aborted as a consequence of moderate drought stress and 89 % as a result of severe drought stress when compared to well-watered individuals, while in “Virma”, a cultivar of significantly higher yield potential, 80 °lo and 90 % of the fertile florets wilted, respectively. In addition, water deficit caused considerable losses in all the morphological characteristics measured. Further implications of these results for yield formation are discussed.

scholarly journals Climatic Water Balance of Annapurna, Langtang and Khumbu regions of Nepal Himalaya

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-57
Author(s):  
Tirtha Raj Adhikari ◽  
Lochan Prasad Devkota
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Sustainable Management ◽  
Small Area ◽  
Nepal Himalaya ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Annual Water ◽  
Water Surplus ◽  
The Given ◽  
Sunshine Hour

For the protection of the environment, climatic water balance studies play key role. This study attempts to assess the potential water availability at the Annapurna, Langtang and Khumbu regions of Nepal Himalaya. Potential evapotranspitration (PET) is calculated by CROPWAT 8 with the help of maximum and minimum temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and sunshine hour. The climatic water balance of water bodies is calculated on the basis of Thornthwait procedure. These calculations help to examine annual water surplus (WS) and water deficit (WD) periods. Potential water surplus at three selected station is calculated by above techniques after averaging the data of time period from 1987 to 2008. The main aim of this study is to compare the obtained result from the climatic water balance for the selected sites of the Nepal Himalaya region. This study will provide climatic water balance information of the given area which will be useful for sustainable management of water resources in local and small area of the Nepal Himalaya.Journal of Hydrology and Meteorology, Vol. 8(1) p.47-57

Estimating Douglas-fir wood production from soil and climate data

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. O. Robertson ◽  
L. A. Jozsa ◽  
D. L. Spittlehouse
Keyword(s):  
Water Deficit ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Density Variation ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Climate Variables ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Annual Variations ◽  
Latewood Density ◽  
Annual Water

The relationships between annual tree-ring growth and growing season climate were explored, studying 70-year-old coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) trees in three sites of different moisture microclimates within productive forest lands. Climate data were augmented via a water balance model to calculate soil moisture deficits. Eleven ring variable components were derived via X-ray densitometry for each ring from two cores for each of 10 trees per site. First principal component scores of each ring variable were linked to climate variables (from 1951 to 1985) via multiple regression. Annual water deficit was found to account for 51% of the annual variations in ring weight. Earlywood width showed little direct climate response, and earlywood density was the least variable ring component. Latewood width was related to annual water deficit (r2 = 0.47). Latewood density showed different relationships to climate variables at the different sites. Percent latewood is increased by spring rainfall and depressed by high August temperatures. The ranges between minimum to maximum and earlywood to latewood densities were comparable for all sites, indicating that there is little density variation due to site differences.

scholarly journals Shift of annual water balance in the Budyko space for catchments with groundwater-dependent evapotranspiration

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 3673-3690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu-Sheng Wang ◽  
Yangxiao Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Aridity Index ◽  
Catchment Scale ◽  
Shallow Water Table ◽  
Annual Water Balance ◽  
State Water ◽  
Annual Water

Abstract. The Budyko framework represents the general relationship between the evapotranspiration ratio (F) and the aridity index (φ) for the mean annual steady-state water balance at the catchment scale. It is interesting to investigate whether this standard F − φ space can also be applied to capture the shift of annual water balance in catchments with varying dryness. Previous studies have made significant progress in incorporating the storage effect into the Budyko framework for the non-steady conditions, whereas the role of groundwater-dependent evapotranspiration was not investigated. This study investigates how groundwater-dependent evapotranspiration causes the shift of the annual water balance in the standard Budyko space. A widely used monthly hydrological model, the ABCD model, is modified to incorporate groundwater-dependent evapotranspiration into the zone with a shallow water table and delayed groundwater recharge into the zone with a deep water table. This model is applied in six catchments in the Erdos Plateau, China, to estimate the actual annual evapotranspiration. Results show that the variations in the annual F value with the aridity index do not satisfy the standard Budyko formulas. The shift of the annual water balance in the standard Budyko space is a combination of the Budyko-type response in the deep groundwater zone and the quasi-energy limited condition in the shallow groundwater zone. Excess evapotranspiration (F > 1) could occur in dry years, which is contributed by the significant supply of groundwater for evapotranspiration. Use of groundwater for irrigation can increase the frequency of the F > 1 cases.

scholarly journals PEMODELAN NERACA AIR TANAH UNTUK PENDUGAAN SURPLUS DAN DEFISIT AIR UNTUK PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN PANGAN DI KABUPATEN MERAUKE, PAPUA

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Fadjry Djufry
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
High Water ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Balance Analysis ◽  
Water Surplus ◽  
Crop Planting ◽  
Water Holding

<div data-canvas-width="358.44029759999995">Water balance modeling is one approach that can be used to predict the dynamics of soil water content for plant growth, so it can calculate the amount of crop water requirements, particularly at critical periods during which the soil moisture content is very low and in normal circumstan ces. The experiment was</div><div data-canvas-width="377.52128063999993">conducted April-November 2010 in Merauke district of Papua provi nce. The collect ion of clim ate data (rainfall, temperature, humidity), land information</div><div data-canvas-width="377.97478992">(based on soil type and land use map, primarily to det ermine water holding ca pacit y and root z one depthof the soils). Land water balance analysis was con ducted for each a nalysi s of distri cts using Thornthwaite and Mather (1957). Furthermore, the results of water balance of land was mapping used the geographic information system (GIS) method for knowing the districts that have the periods of water deficit or water surplus. The results showed that the dom inant patterns of rai nfall in t he district of Merauke is pattern A is a pattern that suggests that there is a clear di fferen ce between the a mount of rai nfall duri ng th e rain y sea son t o dry season. Merauke district experienced a period of water deficit of about 4-7 months for a year. Sub districts that have a period and a high amount of water deficit isKuprik for 7 consecutive months. Sub districts that have a short period of deficit 4 months is Jagebob, Kimaan and Muting. The potential for planting food crops in Merauke district ranges from 5-7 months. The surplus per iod i s about 3-6 mont hs of November to May/June. Sub districts that have a longer period surplus isJagebob and Kimaant is 6 months. The most of the sub districts (6 sub districts) in the Merauke district</div><div data-canvas-width="377.8404167999999">has a surplus of water&gt; 1000 mm / year. There are only two sub districts that have surplus water &lt;1000 mm / year is Kupri k and Sota. Sub distri cts t hat</div><div data-canvas-width="377.5044839999999">obtain high water surplus for the year is Semangga. Pot ential of th e short growing season found in Kuprik (3 months) while the potential of the growing</div><div data-canvas-width="377.52128063999993">season is long (6 months) in almost every sub district (Semangga, Okaba, Muting Kimaan, and Sota). Water bal ance model is developed en ough valid for</div><div data-canvas-width="345.38930831999994">predicting soil water availability and timing of food crop planting in Merauke district of Papua province </div>

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