Comparison of Static Model, Adaptation Study, and CFD Simulation in Evaluating Thermal Comfort Based on Köppen Climate Classification System in Churches in Indonesia

This research examined thermal comfort in church buildings in Indonesia by making a comparison between three different Indonesian climatic regions using three different research models. A static model, an adaptation study model and a CFD simulation were used to find the similarities and differences between the results generated from determining thermal comfort in church buildings in the three regions. The comparison revealed that church buildings had different PMV scores at each measuring point that were inversely proportional to the subjects’ response on thermal comfort inside the buildings, i.e. points adjoining with openings affect a low PMV score and a high perceived thermal sensation, and vice versa. The CFD simulation showed that changing the conditions of the openings affects air velocity and flow into the building, which influences the subjects’ thermal comfort response inside the churches.

ROLE OF CLIMATE IN PRACTICE OF PANCHAKARMA: A CRITICAL REVIEW

Ayurveda is a science of life focusing not only to cure the Rogi but also towards the maintenance of the health of a healthy person. Panchakarma is a modality giving a variety of opportunities to fulfill the main aim of Ayurveda. There are lots of factors which are involved to certainly administer therapy in such a way that it will always be infallibly effective. Among all those factors climate or Kala is one of the factors which influences almost every aspect in one way or the other. Today the Koppen Climate classification gives us the background to understand the climatic conditions in various places. These climate conditions will occur according to the Desha also, so Desha plays a direct role in influencing the Kala factor as Six seasons are not to be found everywhere around the globe. This variation of the seasons makes difficult for the physician to apply the concepts of Ritu and Shodhana accordingly for e.g., a place like Bengaluru has a moderate climate all over year yet being near to equator as compare to other cities in Karnataka because of the height from seas level. Therefore, an understanding of comparing the current seasons of cities based on distance from equator, height from sea level with the Sadharana and Asadharana Ritu for commencing the Sukhatama Vamanadi Karma is needed. Therefore, an attempt is made to describe the entire possible climate factors which play a role in commencing the Panchakarma therapies effectively.

The Climate in the European Union and the Enlarged European Region is a Determinant of the COVID-19 Case Fatality Ratio

Climate could influence the COVID-19 pandemic, but while no evidence has been advanced on the influence of colder climates, some studies have provided data to support a possible heat-related protective factor. The objective is to verify whether areas with a Cold Temperate Climate (TC) have a higher Case Fatality Ratio (CFR) for COVID-19 than areas with a Cold Climate (CC) or with a Mediterranean Climate (MC) in the European Union and the Enlarged European Region. Countries or regions were subdivided into 3 groups according to the Köppen climate classification system: TC (Cfa, Cfb and Cfc in the Köppen system); MC (Csa, Csb); CC (D and E in the Köppen system). The total number of cases and the total number of deaths were detected on 13 August 2020 on the COVID-19 Map - Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center-the CFR was thus calculated by area. Living in TC areas is strongly associated with risk of a high Case Fatality Ratio for COVID-19, OR for MC =0.42, IC 95% 0.41-0.43; OR for CC=0.33, IC 95% 0.33-0.35. The results are confirmed in the EU, OR per MC=0.85, CI 95% 0.84-0.87; OR per CC=0.63, IC 95% 0.61-0.65.The study found that the IC in a humid temperate climate is associated with higher CFR with respect to the coldest and warmest temperate climates in Europe. This does not appear to be the only determinant of the pandemic.

Student Perception of Thermal Comfort of Outdoor Space in Nusa Nipa University, Maumere, East Nusa Tenggara

Nusa Nipa University is one of a number of universities in Maumere City, Sikka Regency, East Nusa Tenggara. Based on the Koppen climate classification, the City of Maumere is included in the savanna. The savanna climate is different from the tropical rain climate in terms of temperature, air humidity and wind speed. The high temperature in this city influences the perception of thermal comfort. Thermal comfort is a necessity for people performing activities in both outside and inside of building, one of those are students at Nusa Nipa University. This research was conducted by distributing questionnaire to 50 students occupying in 2 (two) different spots in the outdoor space. The result showed that 58% students felt comfortable in the grassy area with shade compared to other off-campus areas. This perception of comfort is influenced by comfort factors namely hardscape or softscape that exist in the outdoor space of the Nusa Nipa University.

Analysis of a greenhouse thermal performance using dynamic simulations

Four different shapes of a 182 m2 research greenhouse were analyzed using dynamic simulations. The thermal performance was evaluated using different cover materials at an equal floor area. In developing countries, the selection of the greenhouse shape, structure, and cover material generally is made based on the availability of the materials and considering the initial investment costs. The greenhouse is located on a cold semi-arid (BSk) climate according to the Köppen climate classification. This study aimed to determine the best choice of the greenhouse shape and cover material according to a technical-economic analysis. The analysis was conducted from a technical-economic perspective for this specific climate region. The results show the heating and cooling energy consumption for different cover materials and greenhouse shapes. The economic analysis was made to assess the investment and operative costs through the life span of the greenhouse.

BALANÇO HÍDRICO E CLASSIFICAÇÃO CLIMÁTICA DE KÖPPEN E THORNTHWAITE NO MUNICÍPIO DE FEIRA DE SANTANA (BA) / WATER BALANCE AND KÖPPEN CLIMATE CLASSIFICATION AND THORNTHWAITE IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF FEIRA DE SANTANA (BA)

O estudo da meteorologia se baseia nos fenômenos atmosféricos, seu comportamento e interações físicas, químicas e dinâmicas com os demais elementos da superfície terrestre. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar climaticamente o município de Feira de Santana (BA), quanto à disponibilidade de água para o cultivo agrícola, utilizando os dados disponibilizados pelo INMET, os quais foram processados através do método de balanço hídrico climático, a partir do qual se obteve o índice hídrico, índice de aridez e índice de umidade, e auxílio das chaves de classificação de Thornthwaite. O balanço hídrico mostrou que o município apresenta uma ETP de 1431,7 mm ano-1, ETR de 720,7 mm ano-1, DEF de 711,0 mm ano-1 e EXC igual a zero. O tipo climático pela metodologia de Köppen é “Asa”, megatérmico com chuvas de inverno e verão quente, enquanto que a de Thornthwaite é C1w2A’a’, clima Sub-úmido seco com largo excesso de verão, megatérmico e com concentração de evapotranspiração potencial no verão igual a 31,2%. O município de Feira de Santana apresenta uma alta ETP, influenciada pelas altas temperaturas. O período de menor deficiência hídricas é registrado nos meses de maio, junho e julho, sendo indicado para os cultivos de sequeiro. O método de classificação climática de Thornthwaite apresenta maior detalhes que o de Köppen.

Local climates of Vardar, Struma and Mesta valleys (Balkan peninsula) according to the modified Köppen climate classification

The K?ppen classification is commonly used and helpful for characteristics of different climate types and their changes. Available maps based on this classification are dealing with continental and worldwide zones. This is the reason mountainous territory of the Balkans to be defined as zones with cold or high mountain climate without further details. The main aim of the study is detail classification of the territory of Vardar, Struma and Mesta in the view of the K?ppen system and establishing the inner zones variability trough time. In order to achieve this goal we use the SAT (surface air temperature) and precipitation data from meteorological stations located in key areas of the valleys. We build 30 year moving average to present climate fluctuations in these areas according to the modified K?ppen classification. Results show that index changing is variable through the different periods but there has a tendency for general reduction of the annual precipitation in the whole period of observation.