People in aviation – a linguists’ insight into history

History can be studied from a number of angles and on the basis of a variety of sources. Researchers interested in the history of aviation typically focus on the development of subsequent types of flying machines. This study relates to the history of aviation, but, due to its linguistic bias it concentrates on the semantic field <people in aviation>. The structure of this field is analysed on the basis of a collection of nouns that form the relating lexical fields. In detail the study is aimed to cast some light on the history of modern aviation, i.e. aviation that started with the 1903 flight made by the Wright Brothers in an engine-driven machine, and has been continued up to now. Importantly, in 1911, soon after the first flight took place, the first dictionary of aviation was published. This specialized dictionary served as an inspiration for an attempt to draw a linguistic picture of the discipline at the beginning of the 20th century, and later to contrast it with a linguistic picture of the discipline as emerging from modern specialized dictionaries of aviation one century later. Additionally, the analysis of particular nouns, including the study of their morphological structure and semantics leads to some interesting observations relating to the history of modern aviation.

Talking to the Holy Spirit and Growling with the Bears

In this article I explore the construction of singing child characters in Isaac Watts’ Divine and Moral Songs for Children (1715) and Christopher Smart’s Hymns for the Amusement of Children (1771). The first part focusses on the nature of the lyrical persona within the lexical fields »voice and vocal sound« and »religion« and also looks at the possible addressees. The second part examines stylistic, phonetic, and formal elements, and explores their role in constructing the ›singing I.‹ To show the potential of Watts’ »Against Quarrelling and Fighting« to function as an invitation to playfully adopt behaviour opposed to Christian norms, the article examines a performance of Let Dogs Delight to Bark and Bite, a chorale by Matthew J. Zimnoch, whose text is taken from Watts’ hymn. Combining approaches from research on children’s poetry with ones from the interface of children’s literature and hymnody, the article also integrates a digitally supported close reading. The hymn texts were inputted into f4analyse, a software used in text linguistics and the social sciences, which allows for the assignment of categories, such as positive self-connotation of the ›singing I‹ or rhyme patterns. In conclusion, the article evaluates the potential of such a digitally supported research methodology for future research at the intersection of children’s literature and digital humanities.

Les néologismes récents en -ing en polonais

The objective of this article is to study words present in Polish, ending with the English suffix -ing. The set consists of data collected from the Sketch Engine database, which was then searched through google.pl search engine, in order to reaffirm or reject their distribution in the discourse. The verification and analysis of presence of these lexical units in the dictionaries enabled the assessment of their actual status in the Polish language; therefore, it can be concluded that the occurrences appearance of -ing words increases. These are mostly borrowings from English, nevertheless, a new tendency to create -ing terms in Polish (allogenisms and hybrids) is clearly visible. Some stylistic specificity of the latter case is to be emphasised. Moreover, words ending in -ing concern various lexical fields, among which the one concerning social behaviours appears to be the most abundant, or even particularly emblematic of the contemporary era.

Lexical Solidarities

In the present study Eugeniu Coşeriu talks about the lexical structures that can be identified in the vocabulary of a language. As the author shows, they can be either paradigmatic or syntagmatic. Paradigmatic structures, in turn, can be primary (lexical fields and lexical classes) or secondary (structures of modification, development, composition), and syntagmatic structures or solidarity can be of three types, conventionally called: affinity, selection and implication.

Using Speaking Frames as Scaffolding Tools to Teach University Students to Speak in ESP

This paper deals with the issue of using speaking frames as scaffolding tools for teaching software engineering students to speak in an ESP (English for Specific Purposes) course. We believe that students’ knowledge of the process of learning, and developing their metacognitive skills, may influence their learning outcomes greatly. So, in the study, we used frames as generalized scaffolds, with the idea that, by assigning meanings to objects, images and representations, we could manipulate cognitive functions, such as remembering, perceiving and concentrating, which, in turn, could influence speaking production positively. We aimed to determine the effectiveness of using frames as knowledge representation elements for improving speaking skills of software engineering students in an ESP course, as well as determining the attitudes of these students to using speaking frames for developing their speaking skills. We applied the hypothesis that the quality of students’ monologues may increase considerably if they practiced using scaffolding tools such as speaking frames on a regular basis. We used a mixed research design, and combined qualitative and quantitative approaches. The qualitative approach was aimed at collecting data about students’ attitudes to using speaking frames while developing professional communicative competence in spoken production. For that purpose, we used a questionnaire for students, containing open- and closed-ended questions. The quantitative approach was focused on evaluating the effectiveness of using speaking frames in experimental learning, by comparing the students’ monologue speeches before and after the experimental learning using speaking frames. The study took place in 2019–2020 and involved 41 third-year students of Heat and Power engineering faculty of the National Technical University of Ukraine Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute. The results of the study show that the use of speaking frames enabled a significant increase in the number of students who demonstrated a sufficient level of speaking competence. Using frames helped students to reduce repetitions, hesitations, false starts and pauses, and to significantly increase the number of continuous utterances while delivering monologues. The use of speaking frames contributed not only to the improvement of grammar accuracy and formation of lexical fields, but also to the structuring of students’ speech.

The Patrilineal System of Kinship of the Older Generation in Russian and Kyrgyz Languages

Introduction. The article deals with the patrilineal system of the Kyrgyz and Russian languages. The results, studies of the terms of kinship of the patrilineal system of the Kyrgyz and Russian languages are presented. It is revealed that the kinship system of the Kyrgyz language belongs to the general Türkic vocabulary fund, and the system of kinship of the Russian language to the general Slavic vocabulary fund, and also considers the characteristic features of these lexical fields. Research methods: Synchronous-comparative, namely typological. The object of this article is a plan of the content of the lexical-semantic field of kinship in the Kyrgyz and Russian languages. Research results. The terms of kinship were considered, such as: «ata», «choӊ ata», «baba», «cuba», «zhoto» and others. The terms are conventionally named: «Patronyms of the older generation» (PSP) and we will try to determine the specifics within this functional field, based on lexicographic sources. The article will consider and identify the semantic features of the patrilineal system or patronyms of the older generation (PSP), the purpose of which is, firstly, a general characteristic that exists in the field of kinship terminology, and, secondly, the definition of the specifics of the language within this lexico-semantic group. Conclusions. The patrilineal kinship system assumes the primacy of the male generation for both Kyrgyz and Russian ethnolinguistics, but in the Kyrgyz language it has a deeper and more stable character.

MECHANISMS OF ORTHODONTIC TERMS CREATION IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE

The study of terminology and lexical fields of specialized lexis is an important issue in linguistics. Special attention should be devoted to the medical terminology, which branches into different areas, is heterogeneous in its composition and has specific properties and patterns. The article is devoted to the classification and structural analysis of orthodontic English terminological units. The objective of the article is to study the main word-forming mechanisms of orthodontic terms in English, their classification, characteristics, and comparison. The research is based on methods of analysis, synthesis and comparison of terminological units of English orthodontic text (scientific articles, monographs and textbooks). Using structural analysis, English orthodontic terms were classified according to the methods of their creation. The field of terminology "Orthodontics" is classified and divided into 4 categories: "Anatomy of the Oral Cavity", "Symptoms and Diseases", "Professional Orthodontic Activity" and "Treatments". It is determined that the most common word-forming means are morphological and terminological phrases, which are characteristic to most categories. A lot of the lexical units of the category "Anatomy of the Oral Cavity" are borrowed from Latin and Greek or contain word-forming affixes. The category "Symptoms and Diseases" contains a lot of phrases. A special feature of "Professional Orthodontic Activity" is the graphic units of the written orthodontic text, which are formed by abbreviations and combined abbreviations. "Treatments" are characterized by abbreviations and combined abbreviations.

Prescribing French: A corpus-linguistic approach to official terminology in French newspapers

ABSTRACT In France, English is often perceived as a negative influence on the language in the eyes of purist institutions like the French Academy. Terminological commissions have been established to replace foreign expressions with French terminology that is regularly published in the Journal officiel de la République française. Although the Toubon Law of 1994 prescribes the use of this terminology in government publications, speakers are merely encouraged to do so. This article investigates the variation between English lexical borrowings and their prescribed equivalents in a large newspaper corpus containing articles from 2000 to 2017 in order to see whether formal written language complies with the purist recommendations. Time is treated with a new dynamic approach: the probability of using a prescribed term is estimated three years before and three years after official prescription. Fifty-four target terms are selected from the lexical fields of computer science, entertainment industry and telecommunication, including emblematic prescribed words such as courriel and mot-dièse. The analysis reveals that prescription is only effective when it follows already attested use. Furthermore, conservative newspapers show higher proportions of recommended terminology, especially as compared to newspapers specializing in technology.