ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ ЭТНИЧЕСКОГО СОСТАВА НАСЕЛЕНИЯ МОСКВЫ ВО ВРЕМЯ ПЕРВОЙ МИРОВОЙ ВОЙНЫ

В годы Первой мировой войны происходили массовые миграции беженцев из прифронтовых районов вглубь России, что оказало существенное влияние на изменение этнического состава Москвы. В городе резко возросла доля этнических групп, ранее преобладавших в западных губерниях империи, это было нехарактерно для предвоенного периода. Однако недостаток сведений в изданной статистике усложняет для исследователей анализ влияния мигрантов военного времени на долю таких наиболее многочисленных этнических групп Москвы как: русские, евреи, немцы, поляки, литовцы, латыши, эстонцы, белорусы, украинцы, татары, армяне. Также определенную сложность представляет недоучет всех военных мигрантов, так как значительная их часть не регистрировалась в качестве беженцев, не попадая в статистику. Ввод в научный оборот ведомостей о числе жителей Москвы по вероисповеданиям за 1908–1916 гг., позволяет частично восполнить такой пробел и оценить динамику этнического состава населения города. Кроме того, сделана попытка выяснить общую численность всех военных мигрантов, находившихся в Москве перед революцией 1917 г., а также выделить беженцев-белорусов из общей численности православных и католиков. Предложенный метод сопоставления конфессиональной и этнической принадлежности не дает точного совпадения, однако с учетом привлечения дополнительных источников, позволяет выявить тенденции в изменениях этнического состава населения города, а также проанализировать факторы, влиявшие на динамику численности отдельных групп этнических меньшинств. During the First World War, there were massive migrations of refugees from the front-line areas deep into Russia, which significantly affected the ethnic structure of the Moscow population. In the city, the share of ethnic groups that predominated in the empire’s western provinces increased sharply compared with the pre-war period. However, the lack of information in the published statistics makes it difficult for researchers to analyze how wartime migrants influenced the share of numerous ethnic groups in Moscow as Russians, Jews, Germans, Poles, Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, Belarusians, Ukrainians, Tatars, and Armenians. The author analyzed statements of the Moscow residents by religion for 1908–1916, which allowed him to partially fill this knowledge gap and assess the dynamics of the ethnic structure of the city. The proposed method of equating confession with ethnicity does not give an exact match. However, along with additional sources, it allows us to identify trends in the ethnic structure of the city and analyze the factors that influenced the size of certain ethnic minorities.

Results of analytic and epidemiologic research of external risk factors for multiple sclerosis among moscow population

Results of epidemiologic reseach of environmental risс factors for multiple sclerosis among Moscow population are given. It was shown, that provoking factors for development or exacerbation this pathology are infections and stress situations. Diet habits, chronic bacterial infections of respiratory tract are significant too. The obtained results can be used in development of a certain diet and preventive measures.

Diet patterns of Moscow residents

Background. Nutrition plays an important role in NCDs risk reduction, growth of the population life expectancy and quality of life. A number of factors influence the diet, including the region of living. Purpose. To analyze the diet patterns of Moscow residents. Materials and Methods. Questioning of 111 Moscow residents: 89 women and 22 men, aged 18 to 80 years with a median BMI of 26.9 kg/m2. Results. 67.4 % of respondents were committed to healthy, optimal nutrition. Full breakfast was noted by 63 %. Analyzing product groups: bread was included in the diet by 87 % of the responders; pastries and sweet products – 72 %; whole grains – 17 %; dairy products – 26 %; fruits and vegetables – 63−67 %; fish – 49 %; meat – 33 %; alcohol – 50 %. Conclusion. The study showed that a third of the Moscow population has an inappropriate diet. Insufficient consumption of fruits and vegetables, dairy products, cereals and whole-grain products is noted. That type of diet is associated with a risk of non-communicable diseases. In addition, a low commitment to regular physical activity is also established.

Assessment of Moscow population vulnerability to natural and technogenic hazards

This article introduced an assessment of the Moscow population vulnerability to natural and man-made hazards, taking into account the actual population size and its movement within different time cycles (daily and weekly-seasonal). The use of alternative information sources, allowing to obtain more detailed information about the state of socio-geographical systems, correlates with modern international approaches and corresponds to global trends in the methodological approaches modification to solve a wide range of issues. In this work, in addition to official statistical sources, we used data from mobile operators, which make it possible to characterize the localization of subscribers at a certain point in time with the maximum degree of reliability. This made it possible to significantly correct and clarify the currently existing ideas about the distribution of the population over the Moscow city territory. A series of maps has been created that demonstrate population density as a key vulnerability indicator in the context of Moscow municipalities according to Rosstat data and mobile operators information (at the beginning of 2020). In order to identify the discrepancy between the data on the statistically recorded and real existing population, an existing population assessment in the areas of potential technogenic impact of Moscow potentially dangerous enterprises was carried out. As a result of the study, it was shown that in terms of the natural hazard level, urban space differentiation is less pronounced than in terms of the technogenic hazard level. Technogenic hazards endanger the life and safety of not only the traditionally environmentally unfavorable city parts but also a number of prosperous and prestigious districts. It was found that the number of citizens in the zones of the most dangerous enterprises potential impact varies widely throughout the year—from 0.6 to 1.3 million people (on average it is 1 / 10 from all capital residents). These calculated results are much higher than official documents shows.

Knowledge and practical experience of the population in providing first aid

Background. Timely and competent provision of first aid impacts death prevention in an emergency. A significant part of emergencies involves people without medical education. The purpose. To measure self-esteem and real knowledge of the population about first aid provision. Material and methods. The study was conducted using the street polling method (CAPI, 800 residents), the sample represented the Moscow population by gender, age (18+), district. Results. 66% of respondents note a lack of awareness of the rules of first aid, 25% note a complete lack of knowledge. Greater confidence in knowledge is shown by respondents who have completed specialized courses, as well as training at work. 30% of the respondents had experience in helping relatives or bystanders. In cases of respiratory and circulatory arrest, assistance was provided even by those respondents who do not know how to provide cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Most of the respondents (87%) were able to name emergency phone numbers, but a third of the respondents made significant mistakes. The respondents do not seek to get additional education, as only 58% want to undergo training including 39% who immediately said that they «have no time for it». Discussion. The study showed insufficient levels of competence gained from the available sources of information, both in terms of confidence in gained knowledge and real knowledge. This correlates with other studies. The older population is one of the most “vulnerable” groups in terms of competence. Conclusion. The research data can be used to improve the information policy on this issue.

Environmental Aspects of the Housing Renovation Program in Moscow under Sharing and Circular Economy Conditions

Since 2017, a housing renovation program has been implemented in Moscow, which is a unique program aimed at settling and demolishing shabby low-rise housing stock and new construction on the vacated territory. The renovation program raises a fundamental issue of construction waste disposal. Many current technologies of building mass demolition imply dusting of adjacent territories, have low efficiency in transporting construction waste generated in this process and lead to environmental problems resulting from its disposal, so the rational use of construction waste becomes one of the environmental protection's main points. In this research, we address the question: how the principle "Green Digital Technologies," reflected in the Moscow development concept "Smart City," which is a part of the housing renovation program in Moscow, is currently implemented. Three implementation ways of this principle have been revealed: contraction of "smart houses" under the renovation program according to smart 1.0 standard; use of BIM-technologies in the program; use of "smart demolition" technology. It is proposed to consider the process of recycling construction waste after demolishing old houses under the renovation program according to the principles of sharing and circular economy to increase the program's environmental friendliness and reduce environmental risks for the Moscow population.

Current Trends in Moscow Settlement Pattern Development: A Multiscale Approach

The article studies current trends in Moscow population in context of socio- economic polarization strengthening between the capital city and other regions of the country. The study applies multiscale approach covering Moscow influence on Central Russia and other regions, interaction with the Moscow oblast and the level of internal population distribution within Moscow and particular settlements and villages in New Moscow territories. The gap in development is significantly noticeable for expanding Moscow and Moscow oblast against the background of depopulation in Central Russia regions and cities. Within the boundaries of Moscow the continuing model of extensive spatial growth of population has led to the most rapid growth of its periphery zone. Areas similar to bedroom communities in Old Moscow are forming in the municipalities of New Moscow located along the Moscow ring road (MKAD) and main radial highways, while large part of the new territories remain a typical countryside with villages and summer residents. Analysis of New Moscow suburban areas reveals the actual land use mosaics obscured by the official delimitation of Moscow and Moscow oblast and the formal division of population into urban and rural.