Application of Led on Plant Growth Unit in Tomato Cultivation

Effects of Light Emitting Diode (LED) lamps on plant growth with different modulations on the tomato plant were investigated by applying under actual conditions in the greenhouses. Thus, four different pulse width modulation (PWM) systems from red and blue LEDS at different wavelengths were designed. Trials were performed by using direct current (Mode1), 5Khz-φ = 0o (Mode2), 5Khz-φ = 180o (Mode3) and 1Khz-φ = 0o (Mode4) and the tomato grown under the sun at the same conditions were compared for controlling purposes. Stomata movements and total chlorophyll content of the tomatoes were examined, and the results were compared to the tomatoes that were grown under sun. The custom developed artificial four light source system, a treatment of Mode 2 produced the highest yield, while each treatment played its special role in regulating plant morphology and physiology. Bangladesh J. Bot. 50(3): 523-529, 2021 (September)

Study on the frequency of acoustic emission signal during crystal growth of salicylic acid

Based on the results of the previous experiment, this article studied the acoustic emission (AE) signals released during the crystallization of salicylic acid to establish the relationship between the AE signal and the particle size. A tremendous amount of acoustic data was analyzed using time–frequency domain analysis methods in order to extract the valuable contents. Based on the diffusion theory, the vibratory model between the AE signal and the crystal particle size was established. This article mainly studies the process of small particles diffusing to the growth point by impact, adding to the lattice, and the crystal releases energy. The impact of the growth unit on particle aggregate is equivalent to a linear elastic vibration system with one end fixed and the other end free. The vibration frequency is 200–355 kHz when the particle size is between 600 and 1,100 µm. The calculated vibration frequency is in good agreement with the measured frequency.

A new olanzapine cocrystal obtained from volatile deep eutectic solvents and determined by 3D electron diffraction

A previously unknown cocrystal of olanzapine and phenol was identified from a volatile deep eutectic solvent as the intermediate species in the crystallization of olanzapine. This new nanocrystalline phase was investigated by electron diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. The structure was determined by simulated annealing using 3D electron diffraction data and confirmed using DFT-D optimizations. Olanzapine and phenol cocrystallize in the triclinic space group P 1, supporting the hypothesis of a dimeric growth unit, where a centrosymmetric dimer is stabilized by multiple weak C—H...π interactions and forms double N—H...N hydrogen bonding with adjacent dimers.

On The Polymorph-Selective Role of Hydrogen Bonding and π - π Stacking in Para-Aminobenzoic Acid Solutions

<div><div><div><p>Understanding molecular self-association in solution is vital for uncovering polymorph- selective crystal nucleation pathways. In this paper, we combine solution NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations to shed light on the structural and dynamical features of para-aminobenzoic acid (pABA) in solution, and on their role in pABA crystals nucleation. pABA is known to yield different crystal forms (α, and β) depending on solvent choice and su- persaturation conditions. NMR reveals that dominant interactions stabilising pABA oligomers are markedly solvent-dependent: in organic solvents, hydrogen bonds dominate, while water promotes π - π stacking. Despite this clear preference, both types of interactions contribute to the variety of self-associated species in all solvents considered. MD simulations support this observation and show that pABA oligomers are short-lived and display a fluxional character, therefore indicating that the growth unit involved in pABA crystallisation is likely to be a single molecule. Nevertheless, we note that the interactions dominating in pABA oligomers are indicative of the polymorph obtained from precipitation. In water, at low pABA concen- trations - conditions that are known to yield crystals of the β form - carboxylic-carboxylic hydrogen bonds are exclusively asymmetric. At higher pABA concentration conditions in which the crystallisation is known to yield the α form - a small but statistically significant fraction of symmetric carboxylic-carboxylic hydrogen-bonded dimers is present. We interpret the presence of these interactions in solvated pABA oligomers as indicative of the fact that a simultaneous and complete desolvation of two carboxylic groups, necessary to form the sym- metric hydrogen-bonded dimer typical of the α crystal form, is accessible, therefore directing the nucleation pathway towards the nucleation of α-pABA.</p></div></div></div>

On the Polymorph-Selective Role of Hydrogen Bonding and π - π Stacking in Para-Aminobenzoic Acid Solutions

<div><div><div><p>Understanding molecular self-association in solution is vital for uncovering polymorph- selective crystal nucleation pathways. In this paper, we combine solution NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations to shed light on the structural and dynamical features of para-aminobenzoic acid (pABA) in solution, and on their role in pABA crystals nucleation. pABA is known to yield different crystal forms (α, and β) depending on solvent choice and su- persaturation conditions. NMR reveals that dominant interactions stabilising pABA oligomers are markedly solvent-dependent: in organic solvents, hydrogen bonds dominate, while water promotes π - π stacking. Despite this clear preference, both types of interactions contribute to the variety of self-associated species in all solvents considered. MD simulations support this observation and show that pABA oligomers are short-lived and display a fluxional character, therefore indicating that the growth unit involved in pABA crystallisation is likely to be a single molecule. Nevertheless, we note that the interactions dominating in pABA oligomers are indicative of the polymorph obtained from precipitation. In water, at low pABA concen- trations - conditions that are known to yield crystals of the β form - carboxylic-carboxylic hydrogen bonds are exclusively asymmetric. At higher pABA concentration conditions in which the crystallisation is known to yield the α form - a small but statistically significant fraction of symmetric carboxylic-carboxylic hydrogen-bonded dimers is present. We interpret the presence of these interactions in solvated pABA oligomers as indicative of the fact that a simultaneous and complete desolvation of two carboxylic groups, necessary to form the sym- metric hydrogen-bonded dimer typical of the α crystal form, is accessible, therefore directing the nucleation pathway towards the nucleation of α-pABA.</p></div></div></div>

Exploration of the Effect of Oil and Non-Oil Export on Economic Growth in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

The tactical master plan for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia aims to resolve the Kingdom's economy from its reliance on oil revenues by diversifying its economy. Therefore, this research explores the impact of oil and non-oil export revenue on economic growth. Unit root test analysis illustrates that the series becomes stationary when level and first difference is considering and having a one lag length. Johansen co-integration test indicates the presence of both periods among the models. The outcomes indicate a short-run causal effect from both oil and non-oil export to economic growth. Additionally, Impulse Response Function and Variance Decomposition also indicated that non-oil export revenue could act better than the revenue generated by oil export. However, the granger causality test indicates no causal relationship among any parameters. Policies recommend that by promoting the non-oil export will enhance the economic progress.

MuSCA: a multi-scale model to explore carbon allocation in plants

ABSTRACTBackground and aimsCarbon allocation in plants is usually represented at a specific spatial scale, peculiar to each model. This makes the results obtained by different models, and the impact of their scale of representation, difficult to compare. In this work we developed a Multi Scale Carbon Allocation model (MuSCA) that can be applied at different, user-defined, topological scales of a plant, and used to assess the impact of each spatial scale on simulated results and computation time.MethodsModel multi-scale consistency and behavior were tested by applications on three realistic apple tree structures. Carbon allocation was computed at five spatial scales, spanning from the metamer (the finest scale, used as a reference) up to 1st order branches, and for different values of a sap friction coefficient. Fruit dry mass increments were compared across spatial scales and with field data.Key ResultsThe model showed physiological coherence in representing competition for carbon assimilates. Results from intermediate values of the friction parameter best fitted the field data. For these, fruit growth simulated at the metamer scale (considered as a reference) differed from about 1% at growth unit scale up to 35% at first order branch scale. Generally, the coarser the spatial scale the more fruit growth diverged from the reference and the lower the obtained within-tree fruit growth variability. Coherence in the carbon allocated across scales was also differently impacted, depending on the tree structure considered. Decreasing the topological resolution reduced computation time up to four orders of magnitude.ConclusionsMuSCA revealed that the topological scale has a major influence on the simulation of carbon allocation, suggesting that this factor should be carefully evaluated when using different carbon allocation models or comparing their results. Trades-off between computation time and prediction accuracy can be evaluated by changing topological scales.