Investigation of wireless magnetometer in sensing magnetic field changes at different car direction and speed

The embedment of induction loop underground for traffic volume monitoring caused damaging effects to the road and reduced road surface aesthetics. A wireless magnetometer implanted underground in a small uniform area was developed to detect three-axis magnetic flux changes due to the perturbation of vehicle passing over the sensor. In this project, a wireless magnetometer sensor system operating at a radio frequency of 2.4 GHz for detecting and transmitting Z-field data has been developed to investigate the patterns of magnetic field associated with the car directions and speed. This is the first report in revealing the responses of the sensor to different car speed and sensing directions. Field tests were conducted by car passes over in a direction in-line or countering the X and Y axes of the magnetometer. The results showed that the strong magnetic field density as low as -100 to -230 μT could be generated when a car passed over the sensor in a direction countering X and Y axes. The speed detection limit of the sensor is 60 kmph. The X, Y and Z flux patterns obtained is import in designing an algorithm for accurate detection and counting of vehicles.

Temporal variation of particle precipitation in Erath's polar cap from DMSP observations

<p>Previous observations and simulations have shown that the low-energy electron precipitation in the cusp plays an important role in ionosphere and thermosphere through particle impact ionization and heating. In this study, we investigate the precipitating particles in the Earth's polar cap region, which is also an open-field line region as the cusp. In many numerical simulations of the upper atmosphere, the polar cap region is described as a uniform area with no spatial and temporal variations of the particle energy and fluxes. We analyze years of the particle observations from DMSP satellites to show the temporal variations of particle characteristics in the region poleward of 80 degree magnetic latitudes in this study. The results show the solar cycle, annual and seasonal variations of particle (electrons, ions) energy, number flux and energy flux in the polar cap. The results will be useful to improve the polar-latitude precipitating particle description in upper atmosphere modeling.</p>

DEVELOPMENT OF A PULSE SOLENOID OF MAGNETIC FIELD AMPLITUDE UP TO 0.5 T AND A PULSE SINUSOIDAL CURRENT GENERATOR FOR ITS POWER SUPPLY

The magnetic system of the installation to control the transverse dimensions of an electron beam formed by a magnetron gun with a secondary emission cathode was updated. An additional solenoid with pulsed power supply located in a vacuum chamber at a distance of 0.05...0.1 m from the gun’s edge will be used in experiments. The solenoid design was selected and calculated. Possibility of a magnetic field generation of amplitude of up to 0.5 T at amplitude of the pulse current of ~ 1.5 kA, was demonstrated. The field has a uniform area at the level of ± 5% over the length of ~ 0.2 m.

Curvature estimates for stable free boundary minimal hypersurfaces

In this paper, we prove uniform curvature estimates for immersed stable free boundary minimal hypersurfaces satisfying a uniform area bound, which generalize the celebrated Schoen–Simon–Yau interior curvature estimates up to the free boundary. Our curvature estimates imply a smooth compactness theorem which is an essential ingredient in the min-max theory of free boundary minimal hypersurfaces developed by the last two authors. We also prove a monotonicity formula for free boundary minimal submanifolds in Riemannian manifolds for any dimension and codimension. For 3-manifolds with boundary, we prove a stronger curvature estimate for properly embedded stable free boundary minimal surfaces without a-priori area bound. This generalizes Schoen’s interior curvature estimates to the free boundary setting. Our proof uses the theory of minimal laminations developed by Colding and Minicozzi.

Where Are the Gates?

This chapter explores the question of where the border has been controlled in Europe and the United States. The border is not a uniform area of control, but an area that is controlled at different points in different ways. Some points of control may indeed be somewhere on the lines of the map, while others may be deep within the territory of the state. Others, moreover, are far from the state itself, in the territory of other states. Border control varies and defines different aspects of the frontier. This chapter also explores variations in the regulation of people and trade. How is it possible to regulate movement of people across the border, in the face of economic forces that push for greater openness, while security concerns and powerful political forces push toward greater closure? The chapter examines whether the hardening of border control for people necessarily obstructs the growth of free trade.

Area and entropy quantization of quantum-corrected Schwarzschild black hole surrounded by quintessence

In this paper, the minimal change in the area and the entropy of quantum-corrected Schwarzschild black hole immersed in the quintessence matter is investigated. Utilizing two different approaches, namely, the periodicity of the outgoing wave and the black hole adiabatic property, the area spectrum is derived, which is independent of both the length scale coming from quantum deformation of the Schwarzschild black hole, and the quintessential state parameter, and which is in agreement with the uniform area spacing originally found by Bekenstein.

Spatial Variability of Snow Water Equivalent – The Case Study from the Research Site in Khibiny Mountains, Russia

The aim of the investigation was assessment of spatial variability of the characteristics of snowpack, including the snow water equivalent (SWE) as the main hydrological characteristic of a seasonal snow cover. The study was performed in Khibiny Mountains (Russia), where snow density and snow cover stratigraphy were documented with the help of the SnowMicropen measurements, allowing to determine the exact position of the snow layers’ boundaries with accuracy of 0.1 cm. The study site was located at the geomorphologically and topographically uniform area with uniform vegetation cover. The measurement was conducted at maximum seasonal SWE on 27 March 2016. Twenty vertical profiles were measured along the 10 m long transect. Vertical resolution depended on the thickness of individual layers and was not less than 10 cm. The spatial variation of the measured snowpack characteristics was substantial even within such a homogeneous landscape. Bulk snow density variability was similar to the variability in snow height. The total variation of the snowpack SWE values along the transect was about 20%, which is more than the variability in snow height or snow density, and should be taken into account in analysis of the results of normally performed in operational hydrology snow course SWE estimations by snow tubes.

The space of compact self-shrinking solutions to the Lagrangian mean curvature flow in ℂ 2 {\mathbb{C}^{2}}

Let F_{n} : (Σ, h_{n} ) \to \mathbb{C}^{2} be a sequence of conformally immersed Lagrangian self-shrinkers with a uniform area upper bound to the mean curvature flow, and suppose that the sequence of metrics \{ h_{n} \} converges smoothly to a Riemannian metric h. We show that a subsequence of \{ F_{n} \} converges smoothly to a branched conformally immersed Lagrangian self-shrinker F_{\infty} : (Σ, h) \to \mathbb{C}^{2} . When the area bound is less than 16π, the limit {F_{\infty}} is an embedded torus. When the genus of Σ is one, we can drop the assumption on convergence h_{n} \to h. When the genus of Σ is zero, we show that there is no branched immersion of Σ as a Lagrangian self-shrinker, generalizing the rigidity result of [21] in dimension two by allowing branch points.