Isolation, characterization, and screening of antioxidant activity of endophytic bacteria from Leea Indica (Burm. F) Merr. Leaf

Endophytic bacteria are bacteria that live within plant tissues and can produce the same compounds as their host. Leea indica, commonly known as bandicoot berry, is a medicinal plant with various bioactive compounds. A study on the diversity and antioxidant activity of endophytic bacteria from L. indica has never been reported. So this study is essential to conduct to explore the diversity and antioxidant activity of endophytic bacteria in the L.indica plant. The objective of the study was to isolate, identify, and screening of antioxidant activity of endophytic bacteria from L. indica leaf. We obtained 51 bacterial isolates with various of morphology. Microscopic identification showed that 44 isolates were categorized into Gram-negative (23 rod-shaped, 18 cocci-shaped, and 3 cocci bacilli-shaped isolates), and the other 7 isolates were categorized into Gram-positive (6 rod-shaped and 1 cocci-shaped isolates). The biochemical test showed that 100% of isolates have positive catalase, and 13.7% were suspected of having pathogenic activity on blood agar. The antioxidant activity showed that 17 isolates (more than 70%) had high inhibition by scavenging free radicals. It can be concluded that there are various endophytic bacteria isolated from L. Indica leaf and potentially producing antioxidant activity as their host.

The Effect of Antinociceptive Flavonoid on Leea Indica Leaves for Orofacial Pain of Adult Zebra Fish (Danio Rerio)

Pain affects millions of people and is one of the most frequent complaints in the medical office. Pain involves various behavioral and emotional aspects. When it is persistent, it can become debilitating, impairing occupational performance, and producing negative impacts for the economy and public health costs. In general, commercial drugs can improve chronic pain patients' quality of life which can result in adverse reactions. Therefore, the search for new capsules as an opportunity remedy for ache is a challenge. Pain occurs due to stimuli from pain receptors called nociceptors. One pain known in the medical world is orofacial, defined as pain that occurs in soft and hard tissue in the head, face, and neck area. This study determined the antinociceptive effect of flavonoids isolated from the Leea Indica plant, on orofacial pain in zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a test model for behavior or locomotor activity. To study the orofacial pain of zebrafish induced with glutamate, this study was a true experiment. The parameter used was the number of times the fish crossed the line between the caudran from the glass petri dish during 0-5 minutes and 15-30 minutes. The Anova one-way test showed that there were differences in locomotors activity measured from 0-5 minutes and 15-30 minutes by giving flavonoids that could affect zebrafish locomotors activity or an increase in zebrafish locomotors activity. The antinociceptive effect of flavonoids was similar to tramadol. The flavonoids from Leea Indica had an antinociceptive effect on orofacial pain in adult zebrafish. The flavonoid dose of 2.5 mg/ml was a dose that had a significant difference in all treatment groups.

Anti-Inflammatory, Thrombolytic and Hair-Growth Promoting Activity of the n-Hexane Fraction of the Methanol Extract of Leea indica Leaves

The anti-inflammatory, thrombolytic, and hair growth-promoting activity of the n-hexane fraction from the methanol extract of Leea indica (NFLI) leaves was investigated. NFLI showed significant inhibition of hemolysis and protein denaturation, and exhibited a concentration-dependent thrombolytic activity. When applied topically to mice at concentrations of 10, 1, 0.1%, NFLI demonstrated a significant increase in average hair length (p < 0.001) compared with untreated animals. NFLI (1% concentration) exhibited the highest percentage of hair regrowth on day 7, 14 and 21 (81.24, 65.60, and 62.5%, respectively). An in silico study was further conducted to predict the binding affinity of phytochemicals previously reported in L. indica towards PGD2 synthase (PDB ID: 2VD1), an enzyme that catalyses the isomerisation of prostaglandin H2 to PGD2 which is involved in hair loss. Phthalic acid, farnesol, n-tricosane, n-tetracosane, and n-heptacosane showed the best ligand efficiencies towards PGD2 synthase and their intermolecular interactions were visualised using BIOVIA Discovery Studio Visualizer. Our results indicate that L. indica could represent a promising natural alternative to tackle alopecia.

KARAKTERISTIK VEGETASI HABITAT ORANGUTAN (Pongo pygmaeus morio) DI PT. KALTIM PRIMA COAL, KALIMANTAN TIMUR

AbstrakOrang utan (Pongo pygmaeus morio) merupakan salah satu primata dilindungi. Sebagian populasinya dapat ditemukan pada Kawasan Reklamasi Pasca Tambang Batubara (KRPT) di PT. Kaltim Prima Coal Sangatta. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis karakteristik vegetasi habitat orang utan di sekitar PT. Kaltim Prima Coal. Metode pengumpulan data vegetasi menggunakan kombinasi jalur berpetak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik vegetasi habitat orang utan di tiga lokasi KRPT terdiri dari 40 jenis tumbuhan. Sekitar 41-45% di antaranya merupakan jenis tumbuhan yang dimakan oleh orang utan. Nilai indeks keanekaragaman jenis vegetasi (H’) berkisar 1,00-1,09; indeks dominansi (D’) berkisar 0,14-0,40; dan indeks keseragaman (E’) berkisar 0,91-0,99. Vegetasi pada strata pertumbuhan semai dikuasai oleh paku resam (Dicranopteris linearis) dan ilalang (Imperata cylindrica). Strata pertumbuhan pancang cenderung dikuasai oleh jenis Leea indica dan Flemingia congesta. Sementara itu, vegetasi strata pohon dikuasai oleh jenis tanaman reklamasi yaitu Cassia siamea dan Cassia suratensis. Pola regenerasi vegetasi belum berjalan dengan normal, namun proses suksesi telah berjalan dengan hadirnya jenis-jenis alami. Karakteristik vegetasi tidak ideal bagi habitat orang utan. Peningkatan daya dukung habitat perlu dilakukan melalui pengembangan koridor vegetasi antar fragmen hutan tersisa.Abstract Orang utan (Pongo pygmaeus morio) is one of the protected primates. Some of their population might be found in the Mine Closure Area (MCA) at PT. Kaltim Prima Coal Sangatta. The aim of this research was to analyze the characteristics of the vegetation of their habitat at PT. Kaltim Prima Coal. Data was collected by using a combination of line-plot sampling method. The results showed that vegetation characteristic of orang utan habitat in three locations of MCA consisted of 40 plants species, which 41-45% of the plant species were fed by orang utan. Diversity index (H'), dominance index (D') and evenness index (E') were by 1.09-1.00, 0.14-0.40, and 0.91-0.99, respectively. The vegetation on the seedling stage was dominated by Dicranopteris linearis and Imperata cylindrica. The sapling stage was dominated by Leea indica and Flemingia congesta. Meanwhile, the tree stage was dominated by reclamation plants that were Cassia siamea and Cassia suratensis. The regeneration pattern of vegetation has not run normally but the succession process has been starting that indicated by the presence of species naturally. Vegetation characteristics were not ideal for orang utan habitat. Increasing carrying capacity needs to be carried out by developing vegetation corridors among the remaining forest fragments.

Identification of Phytoconstituents in Leea indica (Burm. F.) Merr. Leaves by High Performance Liquid Chromatography Micro Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

Leea indica (Vitaceae) is a Southeast Asian medicinal plant. In this study, an ethyl acetate fraction of L. indica leaves was studied for its phytoconstituents using high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-microTOF-Q-MS/MS) analysis. A total of 31 compounds of different classes, including benzoic acid derivatives, phenolics, flavonoids, catechins, dihydrochalcones, coumarins, megastigmanes, and oxylipins were identified using LC-MS/MS. Among them, six compounds including gallic acid, methyl gallate, (−)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate, myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside, quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside, and 4′,6′-dihydroxy-4-methoxydihydrochalcone 2′-O-β-d-glucopyranoside were isolated and identified by NMR analysis. The LC-MS/MS analysis led to the tentative identification of three novel dihydrochalcones namely 4′,6′-dihydroxy-4-methoxydihydrochalcone 2′-O-rutinoside, 4′,6′-dihydroxy-4-methoxydihydrochalcone 2′-O-glucosylpentoside and 4′,6′-dihydroxy-4-methoxydihydrochalcone 2′-O-(3″-O-galloyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside. The structural identification of novel dihydrochalcones was based on the basic skeleton of the isolated dihydrochalcone, 4′,6′-dihydroxy-4-methoxydihydrochalcone 2′-O-β-d-glucopyranoside and characteristic LC-MS/MS fragmentation patterns. This is the first comprehensive analysis for the identification of compounds from L. indica using LC-MS. A total 24 compounds including three new dihydrochalcones were identified for the first time from the genus Leea.