Municipal Solid Waste Management and Waste to Energy in Karachi Pakistan

The environmental protection agency shows that the solid waste management of Karachi city lies in the underdeveloped category. Organics, paper, plastics, bread, metals, bones, textile and many other components are key in this area. The current methods for disposing of solid waste in cities, land-filling and other schemes are compared. Energy crises and solid waste at this large scale has forced cities to the edges of collapsing. Still, it is feasible to convert this huge problem into a profitable business. With the exception of dumping or burning, waste can be used to produce energy. Through bio-chemical and thermo-chemical processes, almost 0.01% of the total energy demand can be reproduced from the waste mentioned above. There is a need to promote the production of energy from solid waste and the utilization of different wastes in a useful manner. Instead of using ineffective waste management schemes, proper waste management schemes can solve both problems at the same time. A huge amount of revenue can be generated from Karachi solid waste, but all this depends upon awareness and suitable technology. The focus of this paper is to emphasize the importance of recycling and energy. The choice of proper methods for treatment, fermentation, anaerobic digestion and the reasons for properly operating all solid waste management bodies are discussed in detail in this study. The Decision support System tool and its importance is also discussed in terms of the field of solid waste choice makers.

A Review on the environmental and health impacts due to electronic waste disposal in Bangladesh

Bangladesh is one of the main importer countries of e-waste in the world. Moreover, country also generates e-waste about 2.81 million metric tons per year. However, majority of e-waste is being dumped into the open soil, open land, or open water bodies resulting problem on environment (i.e., pollution) and human population (i.e., health). Therefore, present review summarizes the environmental and health impact due to disposal of e-waste. Poorly management of e-waste during the collection, processing, recycling, and land filling causing environmental impact followed by air pollution, soil pollution, water pollution, and degradation of the beach because hazardous compounds spread to the surrounding or environment. Furthermore, e-waste also creates lots of health problems. Humans can be exposed to e-waste contaminants by the inhalation, dietary intake, dust ingestion, and dermic contact. In north eastern part of Bangladesh, about 36.3% women who lives near recycling sites experienced the death of a baby. Again, about 15% child laborers die, and 83% child laborers are affected by long term health problem because of e-waste mismanagement practice. There are about 120,000 Bhangaries who may be exposed to e-waste contaminants more seriously. The result of the study would provide us important insight into the growing concern of e-waste and would help policy maker for designing policy measure to recycle e-waste in a hazard free manner.

The Processing of Calcium Rich Agricultural and Industrial Waste for Recovery of Calcium Carbonate and Calcium Oxide and Their Application for Environmental Cleanup: A Review

Every year a million tonnes of calcium rich agro and industrial waste are generated around the whole globe. These calcium rich waste like finger citron, shells of cockle, mussel, oysters etc., and egg shell are biological sources which have various organic compounds. The inorganic calcium rich waste includes gypsum, dolomite, sludge etc., which are produced in surplus amount globally. Most of these by-products are mainly dumped, while few are used for land-filling purposes which leads to the pollution. These agro and industrial by-products could be processed for the recovery of calcium carbonate and calcium oxide particles by physical and chemical method. The recovery of calcium carbonate and calcium oxide particles from such by products make them biocompatible. Moreover, the products are economical due to their synthesis from waste materials. Here, in this current review work we have emphasized on the all the calcium rich agro industries and industrial by products, especially their processing by various approaches. Further, we have also focused on the properties and application of such calcium carbonate and oxide particles for the remediation of organic and inorganic pollutants from the environments. The recovery of such particles from these byproducts is considered not only economical and eco-friendly but it also minimizes the pollution present in the form of solid waste.

Industrially Important Enzymes Production From Food Waste

To link food demand and reduction in food waste, proactive approaches should be taken. Perishable food is mainly fruits and vegetables, waste from different processing industries like pulses, meat products, oil products, dairy products, and fishery byproducts. Conventional food waste management solution is land filling which is not sustainable as it generates global warming gases like methane and carbon dioxide. To reduce food waste, the process known as “food valorization” has become another solution to landfilling, the concept which is given by European Commission in 2012, meaning food processing waste conversion to value-added products. In this chapter the study focuses on production of industrially important enzymes from food waste which could be one of the reactive solutions. Different enzymes like pectinase, peroxidase, lipase, glucoamylase, and protease can be produced from food waste.

PLASMA TECHNOLOGY AS WASTE TO ENERGY: A REVIEW

The age of urbanization has brought exponential growth in population and development along with the huge amount of waste generation. The waste generated is a mix type of waste which is difficult to manage using conventional methods and is ever increasing and changing in nature, blocking essential space that has become an expensive commodity in todays world. Conventional techniques such as combustion, land filling incineration, gasification have been the conventionally preferred method of waste management. The paper proposes a critical assessment of traditional waste to energy (WtE) procedure, starting from basic aspects of the process, performance, environmental assessment parameters to plasma gasification, a alternate WtE. This will assess the socio-aspect of plasma gasification , a more sustainable waste management system with producing a synthetic gas as by-product and slag. Although plasma has high installation and maintance costs, revenue generation form product can make it financially viable. This paper discusses the current limitations of this technology and highlights a few studies that are being conducted around the world that may soon take this concept from technical feasibility to practical reality.

Potential Beneficiation of Readily Available Gold Tailings and Paper Wastes: Development of a New Building Material

Gold mine tailings (GMT) generated from gold mining processes are readily available in South Africa. The generated GMT is disposed to the environment by land filling. This occupies considerable land area, which subsequently results into environmental pollution. Numerous industries use paper for a number of applications on daily basis and its generation is inevitable. Unrecycled paper ends up in the landfill, which has a negative impact on the environment, as it is not degradable. This study investigated the blending of GMT and waste paper for the production of building bricks (papercrete). The chemical composition of GMT in terms of elemental, mineralogy and micrograph before and after paper stabilization was examined. Developed composites were cured for 7, 14, 21, 28 days, and the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and absorption tests were conducted. The results obtained showed an improvement in both the UCS and the water absorption of the bricks with the increment in curing period. The brick cured for 28 days had the highest UCS of 7.76 MPa and the lowest water absorption of 80.43% when compared to the bricks cured for 7,14 and 21 days. The developed papercrete was relatively light in weight; however, they proved not to be suitable for outdoor walls and water logging areas due to their high capability to absorb water.

Estimation of Groundwater Quality in and Around Dumpsites of Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu, India

Land filling of urban solid desecrate is a universal dissipate care and one of the economical technique for organizing waste in several parts of the globe. Landfill poses serious threats to the worth of the surroundings if imperfectly safe and indecently managed. The stages of different physicochemical parameters are investigated including Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), alkalinity, pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), and hardness. The mixture of physical, chemical and microbial practice in the waste shifts the contaminant from the misuse matter to the percolating water. The study asses ground water quality of samples near the dumping area and characterized. The effects are evaluated with the world health organization (WHO) and Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) index. Also attempt will be made by the aggregate index method to assess the excellence of ground water in Chidambaram and Cuddalore SIPCOT dumpsites.

Sustainability and limitation of Plastic Modified Bituminous Interlocked Paving Block: A Supervision

Without the use of a binder, Interlocking paving blocks locked each other and built a stable pavement structure which suitable for sidewalk, footpath and non-traffic area etc. that reduces the construction time and cost both. A huge amount of natural and industrial materials such as cement, bitumen, aggregate and other additives are employed in pavement construction and maintenance at the same time on the other hand plastic waste generation increases day by day which becomes an eyesore. It has been suggested by the researchers that plastic can sustain 4500 years without its degradation. 6 billion tones of plastic has been produced from 1950 to 2018 out which 12% and 9% have been incinerated and recycled but 79% left as untreated. This paper provides an guidance that waste plastic improves the rheological property of binder as well as the physical-mechanical property of interlocking pavement block if it combine with Bitumen. Through this investigation, an attempt also made to identify and suggest a possible use of plastic in the paving block so that dumping and land filling problem of waste plastic can reduce.

ĐÁNH GIÁ KHẢ NĂNG LỰA CHỌN VỊ TRÍ ĐỔ VẬT LIỆU NẠO VÉT LUỒNG HÀNG HẢI TRÊN VÙNG BIỂN CẢNG HẢI PHÒNG

In order to keep essential depths in shipping channels to and from Hai Phong ports, regular dredging activities are maintained with about 3.6 million tons of sediments per year. Due to almost all the sediments of dredged material in the channels are composed of mud and silt, they are not easy to be used for land filling or other purposes. Moreover, disposing these materials on land is facing difficulties because of requiring the design and construction of dikes, requiring compaction and drainage of dumped materials. Therefore, disposal of dredged material from shipping channels in Hai Phong sea has become urgent. Based on integrated approach, the combination of numerical modeling and multicriteria decision analysis-GIS (natural condition, socio-economic and environment-ecosystem conditions) was made and the most suitable dumping sites were proposed in the regions with water depth ranging between 18–27 m. Their total receiving capacity was estimated about 206 million tons for 40–50 years.

Experimental Examination of Fiber Reinforced Concrete Incorporation with Lathe Steel Scrap

Food and shelter are the basic needs of every human being, as the population of the world is increasing there is an emerging need of mass constructions or multi storied constructions which can accommodate a greater number of people. In this aspect high strength concrete is required which is eco-friendly i.e. it must be more sustainable and effort worthy. To accelerate the properties of concrete we can add fibrous material to the concrete which are evenly distributed and randomly oriented and helps to increase the compressive strength, shear resistance, crack résistance, modulus of elasticity, toughness and reduction of shrinkage of concrete. And also, by keeping sustainability in mind we have used Lathe steel scrap as a fibrous material in the concrete, which is non-bio-degradable solid waste produced by Lathe machinery in manufacturing industries, land filling by these materials causes land pollution and also affect the quality of ground water at such places. In consideration of environmental pollution and vast availability of these scrap material we have used Lathe steel scrap as partial addition to concrete at 1%, 1.5%, 2% by volume proportions for M30 grade concrete and the properties like compressive, split tensile, bending, flexural beam strength, modules of elasticity are tested for 7 and 28 days and compared with noramal M30 concrete