Wealth and Consumption After Job Displacement

Income drops permanently after an involuntary job displacement, but it has never been clear what happens to long run wealth in the USA. Upon displacement, wealth falls 14% relative to workers of the same age and similar education from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID). Their wealth is still 18% lower 12 years after the event. A standard life cycle model calibrated to US data with permanent decreases in income after displacement behaves differently than these findings. The agents in the model also experience a large drop in wealth but they recover. The biggest culprit for these differences is small and statistically insignificant changes to consumption in the PSID whereas agents in the model decrease their consumption considerably. Extending the model to include habit formation reconciles some of these differences by generating similar long run effects on wealth. This allows for the examination of wealth at death through the lens of the model.

Self embedding digital watermark using hybrid method against compression attack

<p>In the modern time interacting with digital world become standard life activity, human need a way to protect properties as individuals or corporals, and we do that by embedding a digital mark to the target, and this technique call digital watermarking. But there still is a chance to manipulate or even remove this marks we embed for protection with various attacks like adding noises, compression-decompression or bits manipulations, and that why companions, individuals, laboratories are still developing new methods to embed this marks and make them more robust and more hard to detect for others. There are so many methods for digital watermarking, so we chose the least significant bits watermarking (LSB-watermarking) to provide an invisible digital watermarking, and on top of that we proceed with the blind LSB-watermarking method so that we don't get bind to the original image, and for our attack we chose compression joint photographic experts group (JPEG) compression because it’s the most used method for image and videos compression along with singular value decomposition (SVD) to make our mark as robust as possible. And the results we gain from our method are promising and it did give as high quality digital watermarking.</p>

Estimation of Burden of Cystic Echinococcosis in Iran Using Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) in 2018

Background: Human hydatidosis as a public concern has increased in a number of countries that have reduced control programs for the disease due to lack of resources or policies. We aimed to estimate Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) for human hydatidosis in Iran in 2018. Methods: Data were collected from the Center of Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health &Medical Education, Tehran, Iran in 2018. To calculate DALYs, years of life lost due to premature death (YLL) with years of life with disability (YLD) were calculated according to the formula as DALY = YLL + YLD. The standard life expectancy lost method (SEYLL) was used to calculate the years lost due to premature death. Results: DALYs for human hydatidosis was calculated as 1210.12 years (YLD equals to 177.12 and YLL equals to 1033) in Iran for the year 2018. It was estimated to be 700.2 years for men and 509.8 years for women. DALYs in men were significantly different from women (P= 0.001) so DALYs were more in men than women were. YLD was calculated at 78.228 years in men and 98.892 years in women and in both men and women at 177.12 years. YLD was significantly different in women compared to men (P=0.001), so YLD in women was more than in men. Conclusion: We reached considerable indices for hydatidosis in our study. Therefore, disease prevention and control programs in Iran seem necessary by the policy makers.

The premature mortality to incidence ratio (PREMIER): a person-centred measure of cancer burden

Background Cancer control initiatives are informed by quantifying the capacity to reduce cancer burden through effective interventions. Burden measures using health administrative data are a sustainable way to support monitoring and evaluating of outcomes among patients and populations. The PREmature Mortality to IncidencE Ratio (PREMIER) is one such burden measure. We use data on Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal South Australians from 1990 to 2010 to show how PREMIER quantifies disparities in cancer burden: between populations; between sub-population cohorts where stage at diagnosis is available; and when follow-up is constrained to 24-months after diagnosis. Method PREMIERcancer is the ratio of years of life expectancy lost due to cancer (YLLcancer) to life expectancy years at risk at time of cancer diagnosis (LYAR) for each person. The Global Burden of Disease standard life table provides referent life expectancies. PREMIERcancer was estimated for the population of cancer cases diagnosed in South Australia from 1990 to 2010. Cancer stage at diagnosis was also available for cancers diagnosed in Aboriginal people and a cohort of non-Aboriginal people matched by sex, year of birth, primary cancer site and year of diagnosis. Results Cancers diagnoses (N=144,891) included 777 among Aboriginal people. Cancer burden described by PREMIERcancer was higher among Aboriginal than non-Aboriginal (0.55, 95%CIs 0.52-0.59 versus 0.39, 95%CIs 0.39-0.40). Diagnoses at younger ages among Aboriginal people, 7 year higher LYAR (31.0, 95%CIs 30.0-32.0 versus 24.1, 95%CIs 24.1-24.2) and higher premature cancer mortality (YLLcancer=16.3, 95%CIs 15.1-17.5 versus YLLcancer=8.2, 95%CIs 8.2-8.3) influenced this. Disparities in cancer burden between the matched Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal cohorts manifested 24-months after diagnosis with PREMIERcancer 0.44, 95%CIs 0.40-0.47 and 0.28, 95%CIs 0.25-0.31 respectively. Conclusion PREMIER described disproportionately higher cancer burden among Aboriginal people in comparisons involving: all people diagnosed with cancer; the matched cohorts; and, within groups diagnosed with same staged disease. The extent of disparities were evident 24-months after diagnosis. This is evidence of Aboriginal peoples substantial capacity to benefit from cancer control initiatives, particularly those leading to earlier detection and treatment of cancers. PREMIERs use of readily available, person-level administrative records can help evaluate health care initiatives addressing this need.

Life-cycle assessment of decentralized solutions for wastewater treatment in small communities

This study benchmarks vermifiltration (VF) as secondary wastewater treatment in three nature-based decentralized treatment plants using life-cycle assessment. The comparison is justified by the comparatively easier and cheaper operation of VF when compared to more traditional technologies, including small rate infiltration (SRI), constructed wetlands (CW), and activated sludge (AS). Standard life cycle assessment was used and applied to three case studies located in southern Europe. Material intensity during construction was highest for VF, but impacts during operation were lower, compensating those of the other phases. Impacts during the construction phase far outweigh those of operation and dismantling for facilities using constructed wetlands and activated sludge, when the number of served inhabitants is small, and due to lack of economies of scale. VF used as secondary treatment was shown to contribute to reducing the environmental impacts, mainly in constructed wetlands and activated sludge. The replacement of CW by VF seems to bring important environmental benefits in most impact categories, in particular in the construction phase. The replacement by VF in facilities with SRI seems to result in the improvement of some of the impact categories, in particular in the operation phase. As for dismantling, no conclusive results were obtained.

An Integrated Method to Evaluate Sustainability for Vulnerable Buildings Addressing Life Cycle Embodied Impacts and Resource Use

The vulnerability of buildings faces further scrutiny as gaps in design, construction, operation, and maintenance remain. Although there has been noticeable progress in the field, the frequency and magnitude of building damage during natural events highlight the fact that sustainable infrastructure has not yet reached all targets. In this study, sustainability aspects of vulnerable buildings are revisited to propose more robust measures to prevent damage and a lack of functionality. Those measured are underpinned by the merging of environmental and structural sustainability for one novel integrated approach. The method devises structural intervention scenarios based on damage levels and service period. It also aims at reducing resource use and embodied impacts through the discretization of standard life cycle analysis into customized stages. The integrated method to evaluate sustainability is tested on two vulnerable buildings in Turkey and Mexico, built with different codes of practice and having experienced low to medium damage during severe earthquake events. Research findings indicate that although embodied impacts form a minor part of the building life cycle environmental impacts, sustainable structural interventions can further reduce both embodied impacts and demands on natural resources. Hence strengthening vulnerable buildings can provide an advantage to help the sustainable transformation of cities.

Inequalities in life expectancy in Australia according to education level: a whole-of-population record linkage study

Background Life expectancy in Australia is amongst the highest globally, but national estimates mask within-country inequalities. To monitor socioeconomic inequalities in health, many high-income countries routinely report life expectancy by education level. However in Australia, education-related gaps in life expectancy are not routinely reported because, until recently, the data required to produce these estimates have not been available. Using newly linked, whole-of-population data, we estimated education-related inequalities in adult life expectancy in Australia. Methods Using data from 2016 Australian Census linked to 2016-17 Death Registrations, we estimated age-sex-education-specific mortality rates and used standard life table methodology to calculate life expectancy. For men and women separately, we estimated absolute (in years) and relative (ratios) differences in life expectancy at ages 25, 45, 65 and 85 years according to education level (measured in five categories, from university qualification [highest] to no formal qualifications [lowest]). Results Data came from 14,565,910 Australian residents aged 25 years and older. At each age, those with lower levels of education had lower life expectancies. For men, the gap (highest vs. lowest level of education) was 9.1 (95 %CI: 8.8, 9.4) years at age 25, 7.3 (7.1, 7.5) years at age 45, 4.9 (4.7, 5.1) years at age 65 and 1.9 (1.8, 2.1) years at age 85. For women, the gap was 5.5 (5.1, 5.9) years at age 25, 4.7 (4.4, 5.0) years at age 45, 3.3 (3.1, 3.5) years at 65 and 1.6 (1.4, 1.8) years at age 85. Relative differences (comparing highest education level with each of the other levels) were larger for men than women and increased with age, but overall, revealed a 10–25 % reduction in life expectancy for those with the lowest compared to the highest education level. Conclusions Education-related inequalities in life expectancy from age 25 years in Australia are substantial, particularly for men. Those with the lowest education level have a life expectancy equivalent to the national average 15–20 years ago. These vast gaps indicate large potential for further gains in life expectancy at the national level and continuing opportunities to improve health equity.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE COMPETENCE-ACTIVITY APPROACH IN THE ORGANIZATION OF SELF-EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY OF STUDENTS-AGROENGINEERS DURING THE STUDY OF THE DISCIPLINE “CHEMISTRY”

The article raises the problem of organizing independent work of students (CPC) of the university in the conditions of implementation of a competent-activity approach. The main components of the development of self-education activity of students-agroengines are characterized. The consistent implementation of the competent-activity approach of pedagogical action is determined, as well as a list of methodological principles of implementation of the model (approaches, principles, conditions), methodical tools with the characteristic of their essence and measure of performance. It has been found that the introduction of a competent-activity approach to the educational process involves deep system transformations of the entire educational process from defining the goal to evaluate the results of education. The competent model, which is represented in the form of an information system that reflects the structure of the educational process, provides adequate control and assessment of learning results.The personal and social significance of a competent approach is determined. It was revealed that the creation of favorable conditions for the successful entry of a young man in modern dynamic life, the development of relations with people and the environment will allow to associate the process of training with the needs of time, will enable self-realization in social processes,During the study, it is generalized that competence and competence approach is a combination of skills, knowledge, skills, ways of thinking, value landmarks and ideological beliefs that allow you to confidently and successfully go out of non-standard life situations. In particular, we have been combined with the unity of such leading provisions: directions to achieve integrated indicators of the preparation of the future specialist; systems of acquiring the main groups of competencies – general (key), professional and professional; dependency of competence systems from the level and degree of higher education, its gradual complication, renewal and enrichment; orientation for socialization and professionalization of personality, constant deepening (improvement) competencies in conditions of continuous education.Key words: competence, self-education, teacher, principles and methods of teaching, pedagogical condi-tions, model. У статті піднімається проблема організації самостійної роботи студентів (СРС) ВНЗ в умовах реалізації компетентнісно-діяльнісного підходу. Охарактеризовано основні складові частини процесу розвитку самоосвітньої діяльності студентів-агроінженерів. Визначено послідовну реалізацію компетентнісно-діяльнісного підходу педагогічної дії, а також перелік методологічних засад впровадження моделі (підходи, принципи, умови), методичний інструментарій з характеристикою їх сутності та мірою результативності. Виявлено, що впровадження компетентнісно-діяльнісного підходу в освітній процес передбачає глибокі системні перетворення всього освітнього процесу від визначення мети до оцінювання результатів освіти. Досліджено компетентнісну модель, яка представлена у вигляді інформаційної системи, що відбиває структуру освітнього процесу, забезпечує адекватний контроль та оцінювання отриманих результатів навчання.З’ясовано особистісну та соціальну значимість компетентнісного підходу. Виявлено, що створення сприятливих умов для успішного входження молодої людини в сучасне динамічне життя, розвиток взаємовідносин з людьми та з навколишнім середовищем дадуть змогу пов’язати процес навчання з потребами часу, дасть можливість для самореалізації в суспільних процесах,В ході дослідження узагальнено, що компетентність та компетентнісний підхід – це поєднання умінь, знань, навичок, способів мислення, ціннісних орієнтирів та ідейних переконань, які дають змогу впевнено та успішно виходити з нестандартних життєвих ситуацій. Зокрема, нами компетентнісний підхід засновувався на єдності таких провідних положеннях, як спрямованість на досягнення інтегральних показників підготовки майбутнього фахівця; системність набуття основних груп компетентностей, а саме загальних (ключових), професійних і фахових; залежність системи компетентностей від рівня та ступеня вищої освіти, її поступове ускладнення, оновлення й збагачення; зорієнтованість на соціалізацію і професіоналізацію особистості, постійне поглиблення (вдосконалення) компетентностей в умовах неперервної освіти.Ключові слова: компетентність, самоосвіта, викладач, принципи та методи навчання, педагогічні умови, модель.

Investigation of the life cycle carbon impact of passive house building envelopes in Canada

Whole building energy and life cycle impact modeling was conducted for a single-family detached reference building designed to meet the Passive House Standard. Life cycle operating global warming potential (GWP) and building envelope embodied GWP were assessed for two mechanical system configurations and three Canadian cities. Variations in regional electricity carbon intensity were found to significantly impact both operating and embodied GWP. Embodied GWP was found to be significant relative to operating GWP in locations with access to low carbon electricity. Additionally, use of natural gas mechanical systems in Edmonton resulted in 360% greater operating emissions than in Montreal, while electric heat pump mechanicals yielded 6,600% higher emissions. Finally, the Passive House Standard method for quantifying operating GWP was found to overestimate emissions by up to 3700% in Montreal and underestimate emissions by 34% in Edmonton, when compared to a method accounting for variations in regional electricity carbon intensity.