Restoring Erroneous or Missing Rates in Interfering Wells Using Multiwell Deconvolution

Objectives/Scope Single well deconvolution (von Schroeter et al., 2001) has been added to the well test interpretation toolbox nearly twenty years ago. In recent years, the single well deconvolution algorithm has been extended to multiple interfering wells (Cumming et al., 2013), and further improved with the additions of constraints to account for existing a-priory knowledge on the reservoir (constrained multiwell deconvolution, Cumming et al., 2019). The main objective of multiwell deconvolution is to identify the signatures of all wells involved and the interference signals between wells, from which information can be extracted about the reservoir that may not be obtainable otherwise, e.g. heterogeneities, boundaries and compartmentalization. The single well deconvolution algorithm has also been shown to be capable of restoring erroneous or missing rates (Gringarten, 2010). As shown in this paper, the same is true with multiwell deconvolution, which is able to restore erroneous or missing rates in all the wells involved. Methods, Procedures, Process Starting with arbitrary initial guesses for the missing rates in the various wells involved, we use multiwell deconvolution to estimate these missing flow rates or correct for erroneous ones. Two methods are presented: (1) we use unconstrained multiwell deconvolution as a first step to estimate the missing/erroneous rates, then use constrained multiwell deconvolution with these rates to estimate deconvolved derivatives; and (2) we restore/correct the flow rates and derive deconvolved derivatives simultaneously using constrained multiwell deconvolution. We show that the first approach is more accurate than the second one. In both approaches, we only obtain rates that are proportional to the true flow rates. To obtain the true flow rates, we need to know either one of the actual flow rates in each well, or the corresponding permeabilities. Results, Observations, Conclusions We prove the ability of multiwell deconvolution to estimate rates on synthetic oil reservoirs and gas reservoirs with moderate average reservoir pressure depletion, that include non-interfering wells. We then apply to oil and gas field examples and compare restored vs. actually measured rates. In all cases, the agreement is very good. Novel/Additive Information Using only measured pressure data, constrained multiwell deconvolution can be used to restore unknown flow rates and/or correct for erroneous rates, in addition to estimating deconvolved derivatives of all wells. This is particularly useful in the case of allocated rates or when rates are missing in some of the interfering wells.

Estimating Network Flow Length Distributions via Bayesian Nonnegative Tensor Factorization

In this paper, we develop a framework to estimate network flow length distributions in terms of the number of packets. We model the network flow length data as a three-way array with day-of-week, hour-of-day, and flow length as entities where we observe a count. In a high-speed network, only a sampled version of such an array can be observed and reconstructing the true flow statistics from fewer observations becomes a computational problem. We formulate the sampling process as matrix multiplication so that any sampling method can be used in our framework as long as its sampling probabilities are written in matrix form. We demonstrate our framework on a high-volume real-world data set collected from a mobile network provider with a random packet sampling and a flow-based packet sampling methods. We show that modeling the network data as a tensor improves estimations of the true flow length histogram in both sampling methods.

Structural-Phase Conditions and Flow Stress at Plastic Deformation of Steel 12Х18Н10Т

The article presents the results of structural and phase transformations and their correlation with microhardness in steel 12X18H10T after thermomechanical treatment and high-temperature plastic deformation. Assessments of the true flow stress during high-temperature uniaxial tension

Dynamically Recrystallized Microstructures, Textures, and Tensile Properties of a Hot Worked High-Mn Steel

The deformation microstructures and mechanical properties were studied in a high-Mn steel subjected to hot compression. The deformation microstructures resulted from the development of dynamic recrystallization (DRX). Two DRX mechanisms, namely discontinuous and continuous, operated during warm-to-hot working. Under the conditions of hot working when the flow stresses were below 100 MPa, a power law function was obtained between the DRX grain size and the true flow stress with a grain size exponent of −0.8 owing to the discontinuous DRX. On the other hand, the gradual change in the operating DRX mechanism from a discontinuous to continuous one upon a transition from hot to warm working, when the true flow stress increases above 100 MPa, resulted in the grain size exponent of about −0.5 in the power law between the flow stress and the DRX grain size. The DRX microstructures developed by warm-to-hot working provide a beneficial combination of mechanical properties including high ultimate tensile strength in the range of 700–900 MPa and sufficient ductility with a uniform elongation well above 50%. The strengthening of the samples with DRX microstructures was attributed to the combined effect of the grain size and dislocation strengthening resulting in a rather high grain boundary strengthening factor of 570 MPa μm0.5 in the Hall-Petch-type relationship.

Research of the True Flow with High Polymers as a Critical Process Parameter

In this article should be noted that the accuracy of determining the viscosity of the flow is particularly low in the highly elastic with state of the polymer. It is therefore very important to identity the viscosity of the flow, which has great practical significance. solidity can be changed as a result of intermolecular interaction which can be observed in the process of polymer swelling, which means improving its chain flexibility and lowering the temperature of vitrifying. It should be noted that the processing of the experiment showed no pronounced dependence of the voltage, so it is under-read as the average results for all levers of the stress at a fixed temperature. Processed a method for determining the viscosity of polymer materials, which allows you to divide segmental strength and toughness of the true flow.

Getters and Design to Reliability: A Tool For Lifetime Assurance

The key to reaching multi-decade package lifetimes and device reliability is to not just take a snap shot with a RGA and declaring a part passed per MIL-STD-883. It requires a deep understanding of the sources of unwanted gases in a package, characterizing their true flow rates within, without and through the package system, and carefully choosing processes and materials, including getters, to manage the unwanted gases. This is true whether the package is hermetic or non-hermetic. A multi-step process is discussed to include identifying the gas sources, the species present and their quantities, modeling the true quantities of gas generated over the lifetime of the package, and removing it, either through process or materials. When package service lifetimes reach decades, traditional understandings start to fall apart and careful quantitative analysis is rewarded. Getters play a key role in attaining multi-decade lifetimes. Getter selection and sizing is discussed. Included in the discussion will be a brief synopsis of the current state of the art of gettering technology.

ON PREDICTABILITY OF PARTICLE CLUSTERS IN A STOCHASTIC FLOW

In many physical applications it is important to predict particle trajectories in a turbulent flow using a numerical model of the flow. One of the major reasons for a poor prediction is the limited resolution in space. We discuss the problem of predictability limits in the framework of a stochastic flow modeling inertial particles in turbulence. Two stochastic flows called the "model" and "true" are considered. The "model" flow is the "true" flow smoothed in space. The principal measure of discrepancy of the flows is the distance between the centers of mass of two initially identical particle clusters driven by the "true" and "model" flows respectively. The predictability limit is defined as a moment when this distance exceeds the space correlation scale of the true flow. The main result is a simple formula relating the predictability limit with the smoothing scale. This relation is well supported by stochastic simulations and could be a helpful tool in planning experiments in numerical models of turbulent flows. Also the difference between particle scattering in the "true" and "model" flows is studied.