Knowledge, attitude, and practice toward COVID-19 in Trinidad and Tobago

Background: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (COVID-19) has affected over 250 million people globally and resulted in over 5 million deaths since it was first reported in November 2019. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted online from July to September 2020 among nationals and permanent residents of Trinidad and Tobago (N = 812). The related questionnaire consisted of demographic characteristics, 11 items on knowledge, 11 items on attitude and 7 items on practice and experience. Domain scores were derived for each component (K, A and P) and independent t-tests and one-way ANOVA were used to compare differences in scores within demographic categories. Results: The population possessed a high level of knowledge about COVID-19(0.85 ± 0.09). Attitude scores (0.54 ± 0.07) were influenced by factors such as sex, age, occupation, level of education and area of residence. Significant relationships (P<0.05) were found between demographic categories of sex, age, profession, education, geographical region and the mean domain scores. Conclusion: There was overall high level of knowledge and good practices in response to COVID-19 which suggests that the government's management approach was effective in providing information about COVID-19 and the safe practice needed to reduce spread of the virus.

A Study of the Social Factors Related to Divorce among Divorce Applicants in Yazd

Introduction: As a social phenomenon of the present age, Divorce as one of the social phenomena of the present age has many obvious and hidden factors practical and fundamental solutions have been proposed to reduce and deal with this issue by examining and recognizing these factors in each society. This study was carried out to identify the social factors related to the demand for divorce in Yazd. Methods: The present study was conducted by survey technique. The statistical population included the couples seeking divorce referred to the judiciary of Yazd in the period of 2011-2017, the sample size of 110 people was selected by random sampling method based on Cochran's formula, a researcher-made questionnaire was used as the measurement tool whose validity was measured by Formal validity and reliability by Cronbach's alpha. Results: According to the findings, the respondents believed that the three variables of domestic violence, interference of others and the level of spouses' participation in household work had great roles in the demand for divorce. There is also a significant relationship between age and gender, and variables of domestic violence, spouse's family interference and spouse's participation in household. 18.9% of the variance of the dependent variable (Divorce) is explained by the variables of gender, education, family past. Conclusion: It is necessary to provide life skills training and free counseling to couples and families in this regard in order to prevent failed marriages and marital problems and develop strong relationships. Besides, it is necessary for the mass media to raise awareness, give information to people, and promote rational, spiritual and easy marriages.

Gender Differences in Knowledge and Risk Perception towards HIV/AIDS among Rohingyas in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh

Background: Rohingyas living in refugee camps of Bangladesh have been identified as a high-risk group for HIV transmission. This study aimed to assess gender differences in risk perception towards HIV/AIDS among Rohingyas in Cox’s Bazar. Methods: A cross-sectional design was adopted to assess the level of risk perception towards HIV/AIDS. This analysis utilizes data from a survey of 130 Rohingya people through face-to-face interviews utilizing a 28-item HIV-Knowledge Questionnaire. A systematic sampling technique was used to accomplish data collection survey. Analyzing was done by SPSS 25. Results: Only 41.8% of males and 58.2% of females had a good knowledge score (8 out of 11 items) regarding the transmission of HIV. Knowledge is significantly associated with female gender (χ2 = 8.927, p < 0.005). Gender differences were also significantly associated with the perceived risk of contracting HIV/AIDS in the future (p < 0.001). When rank averages were investigated, perceived risk of contracting HIV/AIDS score of the female participants (mean rank = 76.71) appeared to be higher compared to the score of male participants (mean rank = 54.29). Conclusion: Female Rohingyas perceive a higher risk of contracting HIV/AIDS than male Rohingyas. Programs should address harmful gender norms, HIV testing and education emphasizing the risks involved in transactional sex within the camps.

Stress, Depression, and Insomnia in Medical Staff duringCOVID-19Pandemic :A Letter to Editor

The article's abstract is not available.

Investigation the Relationship between Anxiety Attachment Style, Anger Rumination, Spouse Forgiveness, and Marital Quality

Background: The quality of the marital relationship has received more attention from family researchers in recent years; as many factors can affect and be affected by it. Therefore, this study made an attempt to investigate the structural relationships between anxiety attachment style, anger rumination. Methods: The study population consisted of all married people in Shiraz. Among them, 204 married people (168 females and 36 males) were selected using the convenience sampling method and filling out Revised Adult Attachment Scale; Collins and Reid, Anger rumination scale; Sukhodolsky, Golub, Cromwell, Family Forgiveness Scale; Pollard, Anderson, Anderson, and Jennings, and Revision of the Dyadic Adjustment Scale Busby, Christensen, Crane, Larson. The method of research was correlation using path analysis. Then AMOS24 and SPSS24 were used for analyzing the data. Results: Data analysis indicated that the path between anxiety attachment style to anger rumination, (p<0.000, β=0.56), spouse forgiveness, (p<0.009, β=-0.19), anger rumination to spouse forgiveness, (p<0.002, β=-0.36) marital quality (p<0.001, β=-0.16), spouse forgiveness to marital quality, (p<0.000, β=-0.68) were significant. All the coefficients were significant in 0.01 level. Also fit model indicators were: GFI=0.99, CFI=0.99, TLI=0.98, RFI=0.97 and χ2/df= 1.57. The structural relationships of the anxiety attachment style, anger rumination, spouse forgiveness and the marital quality as proposed in the conceptual model were significant. Conclusion: Based on the results, it can be said that that married people with anxious attachment style regarding the challenges of marital life, ruminate more anger in relation to their spouse, which can reduce the amount of forgiveness and, ultimately marital quality.

Meaning and Interpretations of Child Abuse by Abuser Parents: A Qualitative Study

Background: Child abuse has destructive consequences for the abused and the abuser which can launch a cycle of inter-generational violence. Our aim was to understand the constructions of child abuse by adult parents. Methods: The research was carried with generic (basic) qualitative research method. Participants included 12 adults who abused their children during the recent year(2020) at Yazd City. The adult participants were selected by snowball-purposeful sampling. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed with grounded theory analysis method. Results: After analyzing transcribes, 6 main categories were constructed: abuse transmission, suffered self, normative violence, relationship problems, institutional inefficiency and pressured family. Life world of harassment emerged as the core category. Conclusion: The findings presented the cycle of abuse created through learning and transmitting.

Green Space and Quality of Life: An Approach to the Requirements of the Elderly

The article's abstract is not available.

Are Personality Type and Peer pressure Determinants of Drug Abuse among University Students?

Background: Recently, drug abuse among undergraduates appears to become a global problem despite the existences of various measures taken by governments and other agencies due to its negative impact on educational and future leadership innovations as well as human resources. This study investigated personality type and peer pressure as determinants of drug abuse among university students in South-Eastern Nigeria. Methods: this cross-sectional study was conducted using 212students selected through convenient sampling technique aged 15-30 years. Participants responded to the Type A and B personality scale (TABS), Index of peer relations scale (IPR), and drug abuse screening test (DAST). Collected data was analyzed using Chi square statistics. Results: The findings indicated personality type not being significantly associated with drug abuse[X2(1) =0.13, P>0.05]. The study also revealed that peer pressure determines undergraduates’ drug abuse[X2(1) =3.77, P<0.05]. Conclusion: Proper and effective education on dangers of substance or drug abuse should be taught in school and at home by teachers, parents, and guardians.

The Challenging Role of Theory of Mind in the Mothers of Children with Attention Deficit - Hyperactivity Disorder

Background: While theory of mind (ToM) deficit is frequently reported in children and adult with ADHD, there is no study investigating characteristics of ToM in their parents. This study aimed to investigate understanding intentionality as an important component of ToM ability in ADHD mothers and typically developing children’s mothers. Methods: Through available sampling, (50 mothers), 23 ADHD’s mothers were compared to 27 age and IQ matched typically developing children’s mothers. All participants were assessed using the Animated Triangle Task for ToM performance and the Conners’ Continuous Performance Test (CPT) to evaluate neurocognitive performance. The Mann–Whitney and t-test were used as data analysis methods to examine differences between two groups. Results: poor performance of ADHD mothers was at ToM task. (p < 0.001) However, no significant difference was found between the two groups of mothers in CPT-II performance (p > 0.001). Performance of ToM was not significantly associated with CPT-II. Conclusions: ADHD mothers may have deficits in understanding intentionality. The findings suggest that researchers pay more attention to recognizing social cognition and social communication characteristics of the parents of ADHD children. It seems that using specific training programs for the parents of ADHD children to achieve ToM capacities can contribute to the pro motion of their children’s social development.

Awareness and Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake among Adultsin Lagos State, Nigeria

Background: COVID-19 has increased drastically all over the world and one of the major ways to reduce its prevalence is through COVID-19 vaccine. However, some individuals hesitate in accepting the uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine which is a major cause of concern to the global health. Methods: this cross-sectional study was conducted on450 respondents were selected through networking system in Lagos state. The COVID-19 Hesitancy Questionnaire with reliability value of 0.67 was used as instrument for data collection. Data gathering was online through Google docs which was circulated via e-mail and WhatsApp platform to the participants. Data Analyzing was done via SPSS 20 Results: The study revealed that 92% were aware of the accessibility of vaccine for COVID-19. Totally, 81.11% had not received the vaccine and the reasons given include misconceptions on the effects of the COVID-19. Conclusions: COVID-19 vaccine uptake is generally poor among the uneducated than the educated. Therefore, there is need for massive education on the importance of COVID-19 among the populace especially among the less educated.