New technological solutions for water treatment systems in modern conditions

The current state of water quality formation in surface water bodies, which serve as sources of drinking water supply in the Dnieper river basin, was considered. The water treatment technologies currently used in Ukraine, were analyzed. The inconsistency of these technologies with the current water quality in these sources of water supply was established, as these technologies are not quite suitable for the purification of water with a significant organic component of any genesis. It was found that one of the main factors that influences the quality of water in water bodies in the warm period is phytoplankton, especially during their "flowering. The factors accompanying this phenomenon were shown, the development trends and their influence on the operating water treatment systems were analyzed. It was considered the feasibility of using reagents with the effect of oxidation of the organic component of the source water, in particular chlorine dioxide, the use of which is effective in disinfection of chlorine-resistant microbiota and phenols oxidations. Moreover, in the conditions of the expected increase in the concentration of mycocystins, chlorine dioxide can be, by analogy with ozone, a fairly effective oxidant of these toxins with a prolonged disinfection effect. The potential development areas of water treatment systems by intensifying bio-physico-chemical processes on the basis of the existing typical capacitive and package units of water treatment plants are given. The perspective areas of scientific and technological developments for substantiation of effective solutions on modernization of existing water treatment facilities were established in these conditions, namely it is reasonable to consider only those solutions, which provide effective purification of water with high concentration of phytoplankton without comprehensive or radical change of water treatment technology. That is, these approaches should make maximum use of existing treatment facilities, either by their reconstruction, or with the use of new reagents, or a combination of both.

Enhanced Polonium Concentrations in Aerosols from the Gulf Oil Producing Region and the Role of Microorganisms

This study provides the first data set of 210Po and 210Pb activity concentrations in the organic and inorganic components of several particle size classes of aerosols collected at two sampling stations in Kuwait. The 210Po concentrations in the aerosols (Bq/g) were similar in all of the particle size classes, but as most (91%) of the aerosol load was made of fine fraction particles of PM0.39–2.5 µm, most of the 210Po activity was carried by this aerosol fraction. At the two sampling stations, the 210Po/210Pb activity concentration ratios in the aerosols were similar, stable around the year, and averaged 1.5 (range 1.2–1.9), much higher than the typical activity concentration ratios of these radionuclides in unmodified (background) aerosols, with Po/Pb < 0.1. The aerosol enrichment in 210Po was likely originated from the oil industry, specifically by gas flaring and oil refining in the Gulf region. Radionuclide analysis in the organic and inorganic components of aerosols showed that the 210Po concentration in the organic component was one order of magnitude higher than the 210Po concentration in the inorganic component, in contrast with 210Pb, which displayed similar concentrations in both organic and inorganic aerosol components. The 210Po carrying organic component of aerosols was investigated and it was found to be largely composed of microorganisms with high microbial and fungi diversity, with the phyla Proteobacteria, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota being dominant among the bacteria and with Zygomycota being dominant among the fungi. Therefore, we are facing an active concentration process of the atmospheric 210Po carried out by microorganisms, which underlies the 210Po enrichment process in the organic component of aerosols. This bioconcentration of polonium in bioaerosols was unknown.

Comparison of Oxidative Powers of DADP and TATP - A DFT Treatise

Diacetone diperoxide (DADP) and triacetone triperoxide (TATP) are very sensitive organic-peroxide type explosives which are easily synthesized. The present density functional treatment considers oxidative powers of DADP and TATP molecules based on comparison of their interactions with certain group II-metals at the level of B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p). Composite systems of DADP and TATP with Be, Mg and Ca have been considered. Although, in the case of beryllium composites, DADP and TATP and in the magnesium composite of DADP the organic component remains intact, Ca composites of DADP and TATP undergo ring rapture. Certain structural, electronic, quantum chemical and some spectral properties of the composites have been obtained and discussed.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE BASIS OF THE METHOD OF CONTROL OF THE EMERGENCY SITUATION RELATED TO FIRE AND EXPLOSION SAFETY OF LANDFILL

It is established that today there is no effective mathematical apparatus that adequately describes the process of preventing a dangerous event and preventing an emergency related to fire and explosion of solid waste disposal facilities close to settlements. The initial and boundary conditions of the existence of the mathematical apparatus are determined, which is the basis for the development of methods of counteracting the emergency. Humidity, the temperature of the landfill, the presence of oxygen at a certain point in time are factors that initiate the danger. The specific weight of the organic component, the value of the density of the array, the height of waste disposal affect the process of counteracting the danger.

Impact of the Atmospheric Photochemical Evolution of the Organic Component of Biomass Burning Aerosol on Its Radiative Forcing Efficiency: A Box Model Analysis

We present the first box model simulation results aimed at identification of possible effects of the atmospheric photochemical evolution of the organic component of biomass burning (BB) aerosol on the aerosol radiative forcing (ARF) and its efficiency (ARFE). The simulations of the dynamics of the optical characteristics of the organic aerosol (OA) were performed using a simple parameterization developed within the volatility basis set framework and adapted to simulate the multiday BB aerosol evolution in idealized isolated smoke plumes from Siberian fires (without dilution). Our results indicate that the aerosol optical depth can be used as a good proxy for studying the effect of the OA evolution on the ARF, but variations in the scattering and absorbing properties of BB aerosol can also affect its radiative effects, as evidenced by variations in the ARFE. Changes in the single scattering albedo (SSA) and asymmetry factor, which occur as a result of the BB OA photochemical evolution, may either reduce or enhance the ARFE as a result of their competing effects, depending on the initial concentration OA, the ratio of black carbon to ОА mass concentrations and the aerosol photochemical age in a complex way. Our simulation results also reveal that (1) the ARFE at the top of the atmosphere is not significantly affected by the OA oxidation processes compared to the ARFE at the bottom of the atmosphere, and (2) the dependence of ARFE in the atmospheric column and on the BB aerosol photochemical ages almost mirrors the corresponding dependence of SSA.

THE PHENOMENON OF THE "GREEK RENAISSANCE" IN THE ARCHITECTURE OF IMPERIAL ROME

The article analyzes the phenomenon of borrowing forms of Greek architecture in the architecture of Ancient Rome of Emperor Hadrian's era (II century AD). This phenomenon is interpreted as the first representation of historicism in architecture – the use of elements of the former culture in actual project creativity to convey certain ideas and meanings. The article shows that the "Greek Renaissance" in the architecture of imperial Rome was an organic component of the general process of hellenophilism, characteristic of the general cultural development of that time.

COMPOSITE SORBENTS BASED ON DIATOMITE-BENTONITE AND PAPER-PULP FOR THE REMOVAL OF HEAVY METALS

The sorption properties of organomineral composite sorbents have been investigated by ICP-MS method. The diatomite of the Jradzor deposit and bentonite of the Sarigyuh deposit (Armenia) were used as inorganic constituents. Diatomite serves as a structure-forming component and provides mass transfer due to its high porosity (V = 2.0 cm3/g) and large pore sizes (150–200 nm). Bentonite is responsible for the functionality of the sorbents. The organic component is also responsible for the functionality of the obtained sorbents. Paper pretreated with acids (nitric and phosphoric) was used as an organic component. A synthetic solution containing cations of heavy metals was used as an object of study. The experiments were carried out in static mode on a Jar-Test device.

Obtaining and Use of Compost from the Organic Component of Household Waste

The relevance of the study is conditioned by the need to develop and implement technological solutions for processing food and garden waste into compost. The purpose of this study is to investigate the methods of obtaining compost from the organic component of household waste and analyse composts for compliance with the requirements for their use as fertilisers. Theoretical research on the issues of the application of an organic component of a firm household waste as a raw material for compost production is carried out. According to statistical information on the accumulation of household waste in Ukraine, the amount of food and garden waste in the regions of Ukraine has been calculated. Modern methods of industrial processing of food and garden waste into compost are analysed, and the most effective technology from the standpoint of ecology and energy saving is determined. Data on the influence of composted digestate on crop yields are given. Composts were analysed for compliance with the requirements for their use as fertilisers The data show that the difference between the content of heavy metals in the composted digestate and compost from food waste is not significant and both composts meet the German quality requirements of compost. Data on the influence of composted digestate from food waste on the growth of winter grain yields are given. It has been found that the use of composts can supplement conventional mineral fertilisers in crop cultivation. The practical significance of the study is to determine the prospects of obtaining fertiliser from the organic component of solid waste and to determine its effectiveness when applied to the soil

Characteristic volatile organic compounds in “HeTao” melon and other cultivars grown in Hetao region analyzed by HS-GC-IMS

The headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS) was used to compare the volatile organic components of the Hetao melon and six other cultivars of melon grown in the Hetao region of China. The results showed that the common VOCs that could be qualitatively identified from the 7 different melon samples were 35 monomers and dimers of certain compounds, mainly including alcohols, esters, aldehydes, terpenes, acids and pyridines. Hexyl acetate, 3-methylbutyl acetate, ethyl acetate and ethyl formate were predominant VOCs in seven melon cultivars. Among them, Xizhoumi No. 25 (XZM25) had 3 unique volatile organic components: 3-methylbutanal, benzaldehyde and nonanal. Xizhoumi No. 17 (XZM17) had 3 unique volatile organic components: alpha-pinene, linalool and (E)-2-hexenol. Jinhongmi (JHM) had 1 unique volatile organic component: ethyl pentanoate. The Hetao melon (HLS) contained 3 unique volatile organic components: heptanal, 2-ethyl-6-methyl pyrazine and 3-methyl valeric acid. Yinmi (YM) had 2 unique volatile organic components: 3-methylbutanol and 1-butanol, and Huangjinmi (HJM) had 1 unique volatile organic component: limonene. YM, GMB2010, HLS and JHM were similar based on the principal component analysis. This research analyzed the flavor components of different melon cultivars grown in the Hetao region of China for the first time.