Anticoagulant therapy, particularly when used in combination with fibrinolytics and less often platelet antagonists, can cause life-threatening hemorrhage. This supports the importance of coagulation proteases in several phases of thrombus development; paradoxically, several anticoagulants can also cause microvascular and macrovascular thrombotic disorders. Hemorrhage is the most common adverse effect associated with warfarin administration. To predict the risk of bleeding, Beyth and colleagues (1998) developed a 5-point scoring system, with 1 point given for each of the following: . . . • Age greater than 65 . . . . . . • History of stroke . . . . . . • History of gastrointestinal bleeding . . . . . . • Specific comorbid conditions (recent myocardial infarction [MI], elevated serum creatinine, hematocrit <30%, or diabetes) . . . Low-risk patients have a score of 0; intermediate-risk patients, 1 or 2; and high-risk, 3 or 4. The risk of bleeding in these three groupings at 12 months was 3%, 8%, and 30%, respectively. Many commonly used medications have significant interactions with warfarin. In 1994, Wells and colleagues (1994) reviewed all reports of warfarin–drug interactions and found original reports totaling 186. Potentiation of warfarin effect was observed with six antibiotics, five cardiac drugs, two antiinflammatory agents, two histamine2-blockers, and alcohol in persons with concomitant liver disease. Inhibition of warfarin effect was noted with three antibiotics, three central nervous system (CNS) drugs, cholestyramine, and sucralfate. An important interaction between acetaminophen and warfarin has also been recognized (Hylek et al., 1998), and certain herbal remedies, such as ginkgo biloba, ginseng, and garlic, may enhance the effects of warfarin. The first step in the management of bleeding is to stop the drug; however, recovery of clotting factor levels may take several days, depending upon the vitamin K content of the patient’s diet and rate of intrinsic metabolism. To rapidly raise coagulant factor concentrations in patients with life-threatening hemorrhage, clotting factor concentrates are given (Makris et al., 1997). The older concentrates were plasma-derived and consisted mainly of activated prothrombin complex factors. They had the disadvantages of thrombogenicity and potential for transmission of infectious agents.