Modeling analysis and optimization of temperature curve of welding furnace

Reflux welding is widely used in SMT (surface patch technology) During this production process, the quality of the product is essential to maintain the temperature and the furnace speed required by the process. The furnace temperature curve in the furnace is an important form of reaction welding process. In order to improve the process efficiency of the return furnace, the heating welding process model is established based on the Fourier heat conduction law,1 D heat conduction model and Newton cooling law and draws the furnace temperature curve model. Then, the upper boundary of the conveyor speed using the boundary analysis and multiple target planning, and further explore the research and optimization direction of subsequent process flow. At the same time, this paper examines and analyzes the modeling process and results, and effectively demonstrates the scientific nature and accuracy of the model. Finally, the paper analyzes the significance of the above model and research in chip processing.

‘Atlantic’ and ‘Dakota Pearl’ Chipping Potato Responses to Glyphosate and Dicamba Simulated Drift

Field trials were conducted to determine the effects of glyphosate and/or dicamba simulated drift rates on chipping potatoes ‘Atlantic’ and ‘Dakota Pearl’. Sublethal herbicide rates were applied at the tuber initiation stage and consisted of dicamba at 99 g ae ha−1 or glyphosate at 197 g ae ha−1 applied alone or the combinations of dicamba at 20 or 99 g ae ha−1 and glyphosate at 40 or 197 g ae ha−1, respectively. At 7 days after treatment (DAT), the high spray combination of glyphosate plus dicamba resulted in the greatest plant damage (28%). Plant injury from plants treated with the low combination of glyphosate plus dicamba did not differ from the nontreated control. At 21 DAT, visible injury increased to 40% for plants treated with the high combination of glyphosate plus dicamba treatment. Total yield suggested that dicamba and glyphosate caused similar yield reductions as plants that received glyphosate at 197 g ha−1 or dicamba at 99 g ha−1 had lower total yields compared to the nontreated and plants that received the combination of glyphosate (197 g ha−1) and dicamba (99 g ha−1) had lower total yields compared to plants that received either herbicide alone. However, ‘Dakota Pearl’ plants were more sensitive to glyphosate at 197 g ha−1 than ‘Atlantic’ causing the interaction for most tuber grades. Tuber specific gravity was lower for plants that received glyphosate at 197 g ha−1, dicamba at 99 g ha−1, or this combination, but this reduction would not prevent chip processing. Results reinforce the need for diligence when applying these herbicides in proximity to a susceptible crop such as chipping potatoes and the need to thoroughly clean sprayers before applications to a sensitive crop.

Single Photon Avalanche Diode Arrays for Time-Resolved Raman Spectroscopy

The detection of peaks shifts in Raman spectroscopy enables a fingerprint reconstruction to discriminate among molecules with neither labelling nor sample preparation. Time-resolved Raman spectroscopy is an effective technique to reject the strong fluorescence background that profits from the time scale difference in the two responses: Raman photons are scattered almost instantaneously while fluorescence shows a nanoseconds time constant decay. The combination of short laser pulses with time-gated detectors enables the collection of only those photons synchronous with the pulse, thus rejecting fluorescent ones. This review addresses time-gating issues from the sensor standpoint and identifies single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) arrays as the most suitable single-photon detectors to be rapidly and precisely time-gated without bulky, complex, or expensive setups. At first, we discuss the requirements for ideal Raman SPAD arrays, particularly focusing on the design guidelines for optimized on-chip processing electronics. Then we present some existing SPAD-based architectures, featuring specific operation modes which can be usefully exploited for Raman spectroscopy. Finally, we highlight key aspects for future ultrafast Raman platforms and highly integrated sensors capable of undistorted identification of Raman peaks across many pixels.

University of Florida Potato Variety Trials Spotlight: ‘LaChipper’

‘LaChipper’ is a potato variety that is commonly grown for the fresh potato market in Florida. Under different growing conditions ‘LaChipper’ is suited for chip processing. It was selected from progeny of a cross between ‘Green Mountain’ and ‘Cayuga’ and tested under the pedigree L91-78. It was released by the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Baton Rouge, LA in October of 1962. ‘LaChipper’ demonstrates high yield and good tuber characteristics compared to the commercial standard ‘Atlantic’. Tuber production and quality results provided in this spotlight are from Florida Potato Variety Trials conducted at the UF/IFAS Hastings Agricultural Extension Center between 1998 and 2016.

Structural Aspects and Characterization of Structure in the Processing of Titanium Grade4 Different Chips

This study presents the structural aspects of the solid-state processing of various titanium chips. The structural characterization of: (1) commercial pure Ti in the as-received state, (2) manufactured chips, and (3) products of the chip processing are presented. Pure single-phase titanium Grade4 (Ti Gr4) was processed which, among all grades of pure titanium, is characterized by the lowest possible purity and the highest possible strength at the same time. Four geometries of chips were processed, i.e., chips after turning (thin and coarse), and chips after milling (thin and coarse). An unconventional plastic working method was applied to transform a dispersed form (chips) into solid, bulk metal in the form of rods without re-melting. The rods with a diameter of Ø8 mm and a length of about 500 mm were manufactured. Based on computer tomography and Archimedes measurements, it was found that the manufactured rods were consolidated and near fully dense. In turn, microscopy investigations proved that conventional, polycrystalline, grained structures were obtained. Only an insignificantly small number of internal defects were revealed, meaning that the obtained rods exhibited a proper structure typical for commercial titanium. Obtained materials, except of small surface inclusions, were fee of impurities. Whereas the results of the compression tests proved that the manufactured rods are characterized by new interatomic bonds, cohesion and plasticity analogous to those of titanium in the as-received state.

Development of technology for processing of chip wastes made of Al—Mg—Sc system alloy using hot extrusion method

The problem of chip processing of aluminum alloy containing scandium is considered. The difficulty of remelting due to easy oxidation of the alloy components is noted. It is proposed to dispose of the shavings without transferring the metal to liquid state. The aim of the work is to construct technological scheme for the processing of waste chips of the Al—Mg—Sc alloy formed as result of machining cast billets by cutting. Results of experiments including cold briquetting, hot extrusion and drawing are presented. The mechanical properties of the product obtained according to several variants of the technological scheme are measured. The possibility of continuous drawing of semi-finished product is shown. The conclusion is made about the possibility of using the scheme in the production process.

ELECTRONIC COMPASS FOR UNMANNED SHIPS

Principle of action of semiconductor two-collector magnetic transistors and possibility of creation on their basis of electronic compass is covered in the article. Level of automation of marine ships navigation, appearance of the autonomous fully automated ships without a crew, requires presences aboard the ship of device giving out a not visual, but electronic signal about direction of motion. An electronic compass on the basis of magnetic sensor semiconductor elements can decide this task. There is of most interest an electronic compass, a consisting of semiconductor magnetic sensor element, electric signal on the output of which is proportional to the level of the external magnetic field, and electronic chip processing a signal. In this article the example of laboratory construction of such electronic compass is described and his descriptions over are brought. Important, that this electronic device does not have mobile mechanical parts and mechanisms. For the increase of sensitiveness of electronic sensor of the magnetic field application of reflector-absorbers of the magnetic field is offered. Ferrite bars are used in this case. Bars are disposed both-side sensor, parallell to optimum direction of the magnetic field. In the experiments it was succeeded to get the increase of sensitiveness of sensors in 400 times. The reflector-absorbers of the magnetic field also allow to improve correlation signal to noise in 100 times. An electronic compass on the basis of magnetic transistors can be also used and as an element to control the course of marine ship. If a magnetic transistors is set to direction of motion, the change of loading resistances sets the zero of tension between the collectors of magnetic transistor. At deviation of axis from the set direction, tension of one polarity appears between collectors, and in other - opposite. This tension through the system of autopilot can directly control a steering gear and automatically to maintain the set direction of motion of marine ship. Experimental descriptions over of pre-productions models of magnetic transistors and flows diagrams of compasses are brought. An experiments show that on the basis of two-collector magnetic transistors can be created electronic compass not containing mechanically moving details, that sharply promotes his reliability and durability. An electronic compass will become the obligatory attribute of future autonomous ships without a crew. He will be able not only to replace a classic magnetic compass but also to allow to realize the span-new functions of ships control.

Current-Season Infection With Ordinary and Recombinant Strains of Potato virus Y Has Detrimental Effects on Chipping Potato Yield and Tuber Quality

Potato virus Y (PVY) is the most economically important virus infecting potatoes worldwide. Current-season spread of PVY occurs when aphids transmit the virus from infected to noninfected plants during the growing season. The impact of current-season PVY infection on yield and quality of chip processing potatoes is not well documented. In a replicated, greenhouse experiment conducted over 2 years, we measured the effect of current-season infection with four PVY strains (PVYO, PVYN-Wi, PVYNTN, and PVYN:O) on chip processing varieties Atlantic, Lamoka, and Snowden. PVY infection decreased yield and tuber specific gravity for some combinations of potato variety and virus strain but did not affect the appearance of chips including the prevalence of stem-end chip defects. This work suggests that current-season infection of chipping potatoes imposes a cost on producers and emphasizes the need for continued investment in seed certification and development of PVY-resistant cultivars.

Evaluation of Tuber Yield and Marketable Quality of Newly Developed Thirty-Two Potato Varieties Grown in Three Different Ecological Zones in South Korea

The yield and quality of potato in South Korea vary with different environmental conditions and all induced varieties do not perform well in every location. There are many suggested reasons for this problem; they include soil topography, temperature, rainfall pattern, etc. This study focused on finding certain potato genotypes based on high yield and quality (marketable rate, uniformity, less physiological disorders, resistance to diseases), and suitability for processing in three agro-ecological regions in South Korea. Thirty-two potato genotypes were cultivated in three regions i.e., Chuncheon (low altitude), Yang-gu (middle altitude), and Pyeong-chang (alpine), along with three major cultivars (Atlantic, Shepody, and Superior) as control. All the potato lines were evaluated for three consecutive years. The results showed that a higher tuber yield was obtained from the genotypes Gangwon Valley, Valley 11, Valley 13, and Valley 92 in Chuncheon; while Valley 13, Valley 43, and Valley 92 in Yang-gu; and Valley 43, Gui Valley and Valley 92 in Pyeong-chang region with a high marketable quality, and lower infection rates and physiological disorders. The results also showed that higher chip lightness was manifested by the genotypes Juice Valley, Gangwon Valley, Rose Valley, Valley 43, and Valley 91 among the high yielding genotypes. Besides, Pyeong-chang (alpine), a high-altitude region with longer maturation time was found more suitable for potato cultivation, especially for higher tuber yield and higher quality products for potato chip processing.