A Linear Time Series Analysis of Fetal Heart Rate to Detect the Variability

Real time analysis and interpretation of fetal heart rate (FHR) is the challenge posed to every clinician. Different algorithms had been developed, tried and subsequently incorporated into Cardiotocograph (CTG) machines for automated diagnosis. Feature extraction and accurate detection of baseline and its variability has been the focus of this chapter. Algorithms by Dawes and Redman and Ayres-de-Campos have been discussed in this chapter. The authors are pleased to propose an algorithm for extracting the variability of fetal heart. The algorithm's accuracy and degree of agreement with clinician's diagnosis had been established by various statistical methods. This algorithm has been compared with an algorithm proposed by Nidhal and the new algorithm is found to be better at detecting variability in both ante-partum and intra-partum period.

Implementing Leader Election Algorithm after Evaluation of Node Trust in MANETs

Security and trust are two inevitable concepts for secure Manet. There are various systems used for ensuring security and trust in case of Manet. These systems have several advantages as well as several disadvantages in terms high communication and computation overhead. In this proposed trust based system, trust of node is evaluated on the basis of ratio of signal sent and acknowledgement received. After that, priority of each node is calculated and at last Leader Election algorithm is applied to select node leader.

Cross-Layer Scheme for Meeting QoS Requirements of Flying Ad-Hoc Networks

Recently, Flying Ad-hoc Networks (FANETs), enabling ad-hoc networking between highly mobile Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), are gaining importance in several military, commercial and civilian applications. The sensitivity of these missions requires precise and prompt data delivery. Thus, the most important communication requirements that need to be addressed while designing FANETs are of high reliability and low latency. Considering these demands, this chapter focusses on mobility models, MAC protocols and routing protocols.

Blind Signal Detection Techniques for Spectrum Sensing in Satellite Communication

Modulated signals used in communication systems exhibits cyclic periodicity. This is primarily due to sinusoidal product modulators, repeating preambles, coding and multiplexing in modern communication. This property of signals can be analyzed using cyclostationary analysis. SCF (Spectral correlation function) of cyclic autocorrelation (CAF) has unique features for different modulated signals and noise. Different techniques are applied to SCF for extracting features on the basis of which decision of detecting a signal or noise is made. In this chapter, study and analysis of different modulated signals used in satellite communication is presented using SCF. Also comparison of several signal detection techniques is provided on the basis of utilizing unique feature exhibit by a normalized vector calculated on SCF along frequency axis. Moreover a signal detection technique is also proposed which identifies the presence of a signal or noise in the analyzed data within the defined threshold limits.

Micro-Electromechanical Systems for Underwater Environments

Underwater networking technologies have brought us unforeseen ways to explore the unexplored aquatic environment and this way provided us with a large number of different kinds of applications for environmental, scientific, commercial, and military purposes. Although precise and continuous aquatic environment monitoring capability is highly important for various underwater applications, due to the unique characteristics of underwater networks such as low communication bandwidth, high error rate, node mobility, large propagation delay, and harsh underwater environmental conditions, existing solutions cannot be applied directly to underwater networks. Therefore, new solutions considering the unique features of underwater environment are highly demanded. In this chapter, the authors mainly focus on the use of wireless micro-electromechanical systems for underwater networks and present its advantages. In addition, the authors investigate the challenges and open research issues of wireless MEMS to provide an insight into future research opportunities.

A Brief Insight into Nanorobotics

The construction of a practical nanorobot is a definite futuristic reality. However development of a Nanorobot is associated with a multitude of challenges and limitations related mainly to its control and behavior aspects in different dynamic work environments. In this chapter a novel Nanorobot movement control algorithms in dynamic environment has being introduced. To avoid obstacles during movement trajectory, swarm intelligence based approach and for sensing, path planning, obstacle avoidance and target detection of nano-robot Quorum and RFID based approach has been utilized. Major proportion of work has been done on Microsoft Robotics Developer Studio 2008 (MSRD, 2008) along with two kinds of programming environment VPL and SPL. The chapter also includes a description of how nanorobotics technology has been applied in medical field. In this context, a non invasive method to treat a brain blood clot using nanorobots has being explained. Various other aspects of application of nanorobots has also been briefly mentioned.

Vehicular Cloud Computing Challenges and Security

Vehicular Cloud Communication (VCC) is the latest technology in intelligent transport system. Vehicular cloud (VC) facilitates the customers to share resources ranging from storage to computing power to renting it to other users over the Internet. Security of VANET cloud covers various aspects of security, social impact, cost effective communication. Chapter highlights a cost effective, hassle free and secure communication between the cloud and moving vehicles. Communication is established via Network as a Service (Naas). The goal of this chapter is to give a broad overview of Vehicular cloud computing, vehicular cloud applications, mobile computing, and recent literature covering security of vehicular cloud.

Design and Analysis of Optical Packet Switch Routers

Optical packet switching is connectionless networking solution through which we can get high speed data transfer and optimum bandwidth utilization using wavelength division multiplexing technique. For realizing optical packet switching the numbers of optical packet switch architectures are available in market. In this chapter the authors discuss the overall development of optical packet switching; some recently published optical packet switch architectures are discussed in the chapter and a comparison is performed between the switches through loss, cost and buffer analysis.

Modified Differential Evolution Algorithm Based Neural Network for Nonlinear Discrete Time System

Two main important features of neural networks are weights and bias connection, which is still a challenging problem for researchers. In this paper we select weights and bias connection of neural network (KN) using modified differential evolution algorithm (MDEA) i.e. MDEA-NN for uncertain nonlinear systems with unknown disturbances and compare it with KN using differential evolution algorithm (DEA) i.e. DEA-KN. In this work, MDEA is based on exploitation and exploration of capability, we have implemented differential evolution algorithm and modified differential evolution algorithm, which are based on the consideration of the three main operator's mutation, crossover and selection. MDEA-KN is applied on two different uncertain nonlinear systems, and one benchmark problem known as brushless dc (BDC) motor. Proposed method is validated through statistical testing's methods which demonstrate that the difference between target and output of proposed method are acceptable.

RFID and Dead-Reckoning-Based Indoor Navigation for Visually Impaired Pedestrians

This chapter presents an indoor navigation solution for visually impaired pedestrians, which employs a combination of a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag array and dead-reckoning to achieve positioning and localisation. This form of positioning aims to reduce the deployment cost and complexity of pure RFID array implementations. This is a smartphone-based navigation system that leverages the new advancements of smartphone hardware to achieve large data handling and fast pathfinding. Users interact with the system through speech recognition and synthesis. This approach allows the system to be accessible to the masses due to the ubiquity of smartphones today. Uninformed pathfinding algorithms are implemented onto this system based on our previous study on the implementation suitability of uninformed searches. Testing results showed that this navigation system is suitable for use for the visually impaired pedestrians; and the pathfinding algorithms performed consistently according to our algorithm proposals.