Esophageal Obstruction in Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) Resulting from the Ingestion of Potato Tubers

Total 32 emergency cases of buffaloes with esophageal obstruction resulting from the ingestion of potato tubers during their grazing are described. Treatment comprised immediate rumen trocarisation by a 14g syringe, premedication with IM xylazine (0.05 mg/kg), and passing a designed stout flexible tube to dislodge the obstruction to the rumen. The results were 100% successful recovery without any complications.

A Model for Prediction of the Buffalo and Cattle male Calves' live Weight

The buffalo and cattle population in Egypt reached about 4.898,893 and 3,476,396 heads, respectively, in 2019. The buffalo and cattle meat production represented around 43% and 45% of the total meat production in Egypt, respectively, and the average carcass weight of buffalo and cattle reached 318 kg and 336Kg in 2019. About 50% of livestock numbers are slaughtered off-slaughter houses due to a shortage in the capacity of slaughterhouses and other financial and administrative reasons. The conducted field survey of this study showed that the majority of Egyptian livestock markets lack live weight scales, and if available, they are expensive and frightening for the animals. Therefore, numerous feedlot enterprises hire an agent who can visually forecast the expected live weight of the exhibited feeder calves for sale in the market at a high charge. Most of the models to predict the weight of live cattle-bulls knowing the chest circumference were lacking such models for buffalo-bulls and were linear models that fit only limited periods of cattle-fattening. The sample survey included 500 buffalo males and 340 cattle males of different live weights from 14 villages in 4 provinces in the Nile Delta. The data were used to estimate the best-fitted model for Egyptian livestock. This study showed that the best-fitted model was curved linear. It was a quadratic form. For empirical application, the study designed a table to predict the live weight of buffalo and cattle males at a range of 100-200 cm chest circumference. The results showed that a 1% increase in the chest circumference was associated with a 2.4% and 2.8% increase in the buffalo and cattle male's circumference, which implicitly reflects higher live weight gain of cattle than buffalo males and better meat quality. Therefore, the farm price of cattle feeder males surpassed the buffalo by $1000.

Biplot Simulation of Length and Circumference of Different Body Regions of Swamp Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

Background: Biplot simulation using factor analysis with Promax kappa rotation of 90 is used to determine the coordinates of the length and body circumference dimensions of male and female mud buffalo in two-dimensional space. So that it can be known which body dimensions have fast, medium, and slow growth rates, and also to find out at what age male and female buffalo the growth rate is fast or slow. Methods: This study used 3 male and female buffaloes aged 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20 months, so that the number of buffalo used was 36. The data obtained were analyzed using Factor Analysis with Promax Kappa 90 rotation. The object coordinates were the coordinates of male and female swamp buffalo aged 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20 months, determined based on the Analysis Factor Scores Regression. The location of the coordinates of the length and circumference dimensions and the location of the object coordinates of male and female buffaloes aged 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20 months are drawn using a biplot graph. Conclusion: The biplot simulation results show that the body dimensions in quadrant II have the fastest growth rate, namely the length of the horns and the length of the neck, which are body dimensions that are slow to reach adult size. The dimensions of the body in quadrant I are body length, head length, upper and lower neck circumference. While the slow growth rate in quadrant IV indicates that the dimensions of the body are already growing or the growth is not optimal; namely, the length of the ears and the length of the tail have reached adult size. At the same time, the abdominal circumference and chest circumference are due to their growth not being optimal. Based on age and sex, the dimensions of male buffalo's length and body circumference are always greater than that of female buffalo from the age of 10-20 months. The positional distance between male and female buffalo age shows that the older the age, the shorter the distance; this result indicates that the growth rate slows down with increasing age.

Conservation Efforts of Asian Wild Water Buffalo

Asian Wild Water Buffalo with the scientific name Bubalus bubalis arnee is recorded as an imperiled species in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN's) Red List of Threatened Species wetland-subordinate. More number Wild Water Buffalo in Nepal are found at the Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve (KTWR), situated on the floodplain of the Koshi River in Province 1. This species is in danger because of a high anthropogenic pressing factor going from natural surroundings weakening to hybridization with homegrown Buffalo. Various preservation and work mediations have been attempted to shield the biodiversity, especially the wild buffalo populace in the KTWR. The people group-based supportable administration approach profiting both protection and work of neighborhood individuals is important to guarantee the drawn-out preservation of the species. But it is not happening, so the Government of Nepal translocated 18 Wild Water Buffaloes to Chitwan National Park, and the environment is not suitable for them. There is the possibility to translocate Wild Water Buffaloes in the Babai flood plain of Bardia National Park for conservation.

Buffalo in Borneo, Sarawak: A Review of the Current Status of the Indigenous Buffalo Industry

The Malaysian water buffalo, Bubalus bubalis, has traditionally been an important livestock for the local people of Sarawak. Buffalo, other ruminants, and non-ruminants are essential for the livestock industry as they supply the largest source of protein for the entire nation. Cattle provide the largest production in the livestock industry at 0.2%, followed by other ruminants, including goats (0.1%), sheep (0.04%), and buffalo (0.03%). Water buffalo, or 'kerbau sawah' as it is locally known, is an overlooked animal compared to other livestock. Amidst the growing demand for beef within the domestic consumer market, the buffalo population in Sarawak has risen over the past five years from 5,396 to 6,205 heads in 2019. However, the self-sufficiency level (SSL) of cattle and buffalo beef has dropped from 26% in 2013 to 21.6% in 2019 despite the rising demand for local produce. Malaysia continues to import frozen buffalo beef from India and live bovine from other countries to meet domestic demands and support the growth of the local buffalo industry. Due to this, the Department of Veterinary Services (DVS) Sarawak introduced a buffalo yard program ('Natad Kerbau') to assist the state smallholder farmers in managing their buffaloes better. This paper focuses on describing the current status of buffalo production in Sarawak, its important functions (including provision for food security), and future prospects of B. bubalis in the livestock industry of Malaysia and Sarawak in particular.

Influence of Environmental Temperature on Milk Production in the Italian Mediterranean Buffalo

The purpose of this study is to verify the influence of ambient temperature on the percentage of subjects with decreased production, compared to what was recorded in the previous 7-10 days. The data processed in the 2017-2020 period was studied in a company in the lower Caserta area that raises 3000 animals per year, of which 1300 are dairy. All this was possible thanks to the daily collection of production data recorded in the milking parlor, using RFID technology, and then transferred to management software, essential for the farmer for problem-solving decisions. The buffalo is of tropical origin, and there are many factors that influence the production of the Italian Mediterranean buffalo, first of all, seasonality, temperature, health, or the combination of all these elements. For these reasons, it seemed appropriate to focus our attention on the influence of ambient temperature on production. In the first three years of observation, it emerged that as the ambient temperature decreases, the percentage of subjects that recorded a drop in production compared to the previous figure increases. However, this was not found in 2020, when the covered structures were equipped with permanent bedding consisting of straw. This shows that it is important to guarantee the state of well-being so as not to penalize the production of milk for the PDO buffalo mozzarella, which represents an interesting source of income.

Possible Mutations Expressed in Double Musculature Phenotype

Since the 19th century, the presentation of bovines with disproportionate muscle development have been associated with mutations that inhibit the action of the myostatin gene, it is referred to as double muscle mutation, which is common in some European Bos taurus breeds but it is not reported in buffaloes Bubalus bubalis. This study aims to evaluate if the phenotype observed in 6 young buffaloes with disproportionate muscle development has the same myostatin mutation reported in cattle. DNA was obtained from the blood of the animals of the Murrah breed. First, second and third exon was amplified end point PCR; the fragments were sequenced using capillary electrophoresis. Holstein cattle (Bos taurus) was used As control for normal phenotype. The results obtained from the comparison of the sequence of the myostatin gene show that the observed double-muscled phenotype did not show differences from normal controls. Interspecific variation was demonstrated by comparing exons two and three of the gene, finding 12 variations between the Bos taurus and Bubalus bubalis species in the evaluated fragments. It is necessary to study physiology, and the animals to explain the phenotype observed in buffaloes.

Multi-OMICS and Molecular Biology Perspective in Buffalo Genome

The bovine species buffalo was domesticated from its wild strain Bubalus arnee and is widely used livestock in southern Asia. There are two distinct types of Buffalo- the swamp buffalo (B. bubalis kerebau) and the river buffalo (B. bubalis bubalis), which diverged from the wild Asian water buffalo and then evolved in separate geographical regions. Several research studies performed on buffalo, like- characterization of trait-specific Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP), genetic and phenotypic diversity, gene prediction and function annotation, mapping of the draft genome, have helped our understanding of the buffalo genome. Some advanced discovery as identification of Single Nucleotide Variant (SNVs), Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) marker and their association with various phenotypic traits, MicroRNA's expression profiling, whole-genome sequencing, etc. have also enabled us to track the chromosomal evolution, physiological processes, and gene expression of buffalo. Proper enhancement of these traits can lead us to apply multi-omics-based tools for better animal health and production. Recent advancement in genomic research on buffalo is being accelerated with the association of modern tools like- Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS), genotyping by sequencing, epigenomic screening, microRNA's expression profiling, microarray technology, and whole-genome sequencing. All these tools bear great significance in breed up-gradation, identification of the phylogenetic relationship between species in proteome and genomic level, study gene expression level, diagnose diseases or developmental stages, phenotypic diversity, etc. All this knowledge paved the way for better optimization of production efficiency, product quality, and resistance to certain health hazards.

Electron-Microscopic Studies on the Palatine Tonsil of the Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

The study examined the ultrastructural features of the palatine tonsils of the local mixed breed of adult buffaloes using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The tissue samples collected from the palatine tonsils were fixed in 2% glutaraldehyde solution and processed for scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The scanning electron microscopy of the tonsil's surface epithelium presented folded mucosa consisting of folds divided by shallow grooves. The mucosal surface was having a squamous arrangement of cells that were delineated from the adjacent cells. These cells at higher magnification presented the microplicae, which appeared as if filled with material. A few small duct openings were irregularly placed throughout the mucosal surface. The transmission electron-microscopy elaborated structural details of the distinct strata of the surface and reticular epithelia, the cell organelles as well as the lymphocytes migration across the high endothelial venules. The vesiculo-vacuolar organelle was also observed. The study provided detailed ultramicroscopic features of the palatine tonsil, which might play a significant role in the induction of immunity against ingested antigens sampled at the mucosal surface.