Smart Microbial Sources Management for Treatment

Overpopulation and industrialization are the major sources of wastewater in human society and water resources. Food production industries and municipal solid waste are the root origin of wastewaters containing palm oil mill effluent and municipal landfill leachate. Traditional treatment method for such highly polluted wastewaters cannot meet environmental discharge. Finding an advanced and smart decontamination process for these types of polluted wastewater could be considered as a capable method for suitable adaptation with overpopulation in current condition and future coming decades. This chapter illustrates critical points through the application of traditional treatment techniques such as acclimatization in palm oil mill effluent and municipal landfill leachate as the most straightly polluted agro-industrial effluent.

Farming 4.0

Generally, the rate of technological advancement is increasing with time. Specifically, the technologies that are the building blocks of Farming 4.0 are now advancing at a rapid pace never witnessed before. In this chapter, the authors study the advances of major core technologies and their applicability to creating a smart farm system. Special emphasis is laid on cost of the technology; for, expensive technology will still keep small farmers at bay as major population of farmers inherently are new to technology, if not averse. The authors also present the pros and cons of alternatives in each of the subsystems in the smart farm system.

A Conceptual Framework for the Design and Development of Automated Online Condition Monitoring System for Elevators (AOCMSE) Using IoT

The reliability of an elevator system in a smart city is of great importance. This chapter develops a conceptual framework for the design and development of an automated online condition monitoring system for elevators (AOCMSE) using IoT techniques to avoid failures. The elevators are powered by the traction motors. Therefore, by placing vibration sensors at various locations within the traction motor, the vibration data can be acquired and converted to 2D grayscale images. Then, maximum response-based directional texture pattern (MRDTP) can be applied to those images which are an advanced method of feature extraction. The feature vectors can also be reduced in dimension using principal component analysis (PCA) and then given to extreme learning machine (ELM) for the classification of the faults to five categories. Thus, the failure of elevators and the consequences can be prevented by sending this detected fault information to the maintenance team.

Smart IoT for Smart Cities Implementation

Internet of things (IoT) is the current area of research that allows heterogeneous devices to have a homogeneous connectivity based on the designed and desired application of the user. With the latest development in connectivity via smart phones, there is an exponential increase in users who access internet. However, various applications have already been designed based on the user's requirement. Therefore, this chapter intends to provide a detailed view on applications on IoT. Industrial applications help in monitoring the machinery so that production increases with minimum chaos if any error occurs. Safety helmet for mining based on IoT is used to measure the gas and temperature levels in the coal mines. Garbage management system is used for monitoring and clearing of dust bins. IoT-based domestic applications help users to have a better access over the equipment they use. As a business application, emotion analysis is performed to obtain the customers mood while shopping. Monitoring of crops from a remote location is another application which provides data on the health of the crop.

Air Quality Monitoring Using Internet of Things (IoT) in Smart Cities

Air pollution is a major environmental health problem affecting everyone. An air quality index (AQI) helps disseminate air quality information (almost in real time) about pollutants like PM10, PM2.5, NO2, SO2, CO, O3, etc. In the 2018 environmental performance index (EPI), India ranks 177 out of 180 countries, which indicates a need for awareness about air pollution and air quality monitoring. Out of the 100 smart cities in the Indian Smart City Mission, which is an urban renewal program, many cities have considered the inclusion of smart environment sensors or smart poles with environment sensors as part of their proposals. Internet of things (IoT) environmental monitoring applications can monitor (in near real time) the quality of the air in crowded areas, parks, or any location in the city, and its data can be made publicly available to citizens. The chapter describes some IoT environmental monitoring applications being implemented in some of the smart cities like Surat, Kakinada.

Smart IoT Meters for Smart Living

Smart cities and smart villages provide technology-based, sophisticated, and better lifestyles to their citizens. Smart cities include traffic control, transport management, managing spare resources like power and water, solid waste management, e-health monitoring, infrastructure management based on internet of things (IoT) technology. IoT is a technique that combines sensors, electronic devices, information and communication technology, and software for the social wellbeing of the common man. In recent years, many IoT-based smart devices, namely smart garbage bins, automatic parking system, smart electric meters, supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) for water distribution, have been devised and used successfully in many cities. Mostly, smart meters are used in recording electric power and gas consumption.

An IoT-Based Earthquake Warning System for Smart Cities

Earthquakes are the most common natural disasters that occur in India. An earthquake warning system minimizes damage and saves countless lives. A seismic wave analysis helps develop an early warning system. The bigger the earthquake, the stronger the shaking. Hence, magnitude determination is critical to developing an earthquake early warning system. The chapter deals with detecting earthquake magnitude by identifying the individual magnitude of earthquakes. An early warning system can be effectively implemented by the proposed method, along with high-end processors and the IoT (internet of things), which has the ability to collect and transfer data over networks with no manual intrusion. The proposed early earthquake warning (EEW) system can be used to support the development of smart cities so earthquake-prone zones are made less susceptible to disaster.

Block-Chain-Based Security and Privacy in Smart City IoT

The current technology has given arms, hands, and wings to the smart objects-internet of things, which create the centralized data collection and analysis nightmare. Even with the distributed big data-enabled computing, the relevant data filtering for the localized decisions take a long time. To make the IOT data communication smoother and make the devices talk to each other in a coherent way the device data transactions are made to communicate through the block chain, and the applications on the localized destination can take the decisions or complete transaction without the centralized hub communication. This chapter focuses on adding vendor-specific IOT devices to the public or private block chain and the emerging challenges and the possible solutions to make the devices talk to each other and have the decision enablement through the distributed transactions through the block chain technology.

Smart Internet of Things (IoT) Applications

The internet of things (IoT) is the new buzzword in technological corridors with most technology companies announcing a smart device of sorts that runs on internet of things (IoT). Cities around the world are getting “smarter” every day through the implementation of internet of things (IoT) devices. Cities around the world are implementing individual concepts on their way to becoming smart. The services are automated and integrated end to end using internet of things (IoT) devices. The chapter presents an array of internet of things (IoT) applications. Also, cyber physical systems are becoming more vulnerable since the internet of things (IoT) attacks are common and threatening the security and privacy of such systems. The main aim of this chapter is to bring more research in the application aspects of smart internet of things (IoT).

Cost Effective Smart Farming With FARS-Based Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Smart farming is a key to develop sustainable agriculture, involving a wide range of information and communication technologies comprising machinery, equipment, and sensors at different levels. Seawater, which is available in huge volumes across the planet, should find its optimal way through irrigation purposes. On the other hand, underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) finds its way actively in current researches where sensors are deployed for examining discrete activities such as tactical surveillance, ocean monitoring, offshore analysis, and instrument observing. All these activities are based on a radically new type of sensors deployed in ocean for data collection and communication. A lightweight Hydro probe II sensor quantifies the soil moisture and water flow level at an acknowledged wavelength. The freshwater absorption repository system (FARS) is matured based on the mechanics of UWSNs comprised of SBE 39 and pressure sensor for analyzing atmospheric pressure and temperature. This necessitates further exploration of FARS to complement smart farming. Discrete routing protocols have been designed for data collection in both compatible and divergent networks. Clustering is an effective approach to increase energy efficient data transmission, which is crucial for underwater networks. Furthermore, the chapter attempts to facilitate seawater irrigation to the farm lands through reverse osmosis (RO) process. Also, the proposed irrigation pattern exploits residual water from the RO process which is identified to be one among the suitable growing conditions for salicornia seeds and mangrove trees. Ultimately, the cost-effective technology-enabled irrigation methodology suggested offers farm-related services through mobile phones that increase flexibility across the overall smart farming framework.