PRIMUM REMEDIUM ACTION SANCTIONS AGAINST CHILDREN IN CONFLICT WITH THE LAW

Criminal sanctions are more popular than action sanctions at the application level. Action sanctions formulation is regulated in Articles 82 and 83 of the Juvenile Criminal Justice System Law, while criminal sanctions are the last resort. However, criminal sanctions are still the "prima donna" in law enforcement practices against children in conflict. This condition raises various problems such as the overcapacity of correctional institutions, burdens the state budget, and creates a stigma against children in conflict with the law. Because the purpose of implementing the juvenile criminal justice system is in the child's best interests, action sanctions should be prioritised, even though criminal sanctions are needed in law enforcement against children in conflict with the law. Therefore, an idea emerged to restore criminal sanctions as ultimum remedium and strengthen action sanctions as primum remedium. The problem discussed in this study is how to implement primum remedium action sanctions against children in conflict with the law? And how to strengthen primum remedium action sanctions against children in conflict with the law? This study uses a normative juridical, an empirical juridical, and a comparative methods. The data in this article are sourced from primary and secondary data processed through description, prescription, and system. The results indicate that criminal sanctions still dominate judges' decisions in children in conflict with the law, and action sanctions are complementary sanctions because it is rarely applied.

CHILD ADOPTION BY UNMARRIED PERSON IN THE INDONESIAN CIVIL LAW SYSTEM

Adoption is carried out by a legally married couple and could also be done by someone who does not want to build a household but still wants to have children as successors and who would take care of them in the future as a single parent. Article 10 paragraph (3) of the Regulation of the Minister of Social Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia Number 110/HUK/2009 concerning Child Adoption Requirements states that child adoption through a childcare institution could be carried out firstly by a prospective foster parent. Prospective Foster Parents have been legally married for a minimum of five years, as stated in Article 20 letter e of the Regulation of the Minister of Social Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia Number 110/HUK/2009. In this research journal, we would discuss the issue of Child Adoption by Non-Marriage Person. This study focuses on normative legal research that examines the content of legislation. This legal research was conducted with two approaches consisting of a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. Researchers would find ideas that provide legal understanding, legal concepts, and legal principles. This research concludes that adoption could be carried out by married couples and non-married person/single parent. It is referred to Government Regulation Number 54 of 2007 concerning Adoption of Children. This regulation is reinforced by the issuance of Circular Letter of the Supreme Court (SEMA) Number 6 of 1983 explaining that it is possible for Indonesian citizens who are unmarried, have been married, or a single parent, to adopt a child.

THE WAR AGAINST IMPUNITY FOR INTERNATIONAL CRIME: OPTICAL ILLUSION?

Deliberation on the imprescriptibility principle in international criminal law motivates determination towards the principle's function against impunity for international crimes. It is indeed a question of confronting this principle with judicial responsiveness, which relies on the speed of the criminal response. However, the current criminal response seems somewhat poorly considering the arising crimes. The poor execution enables criminals than the victims, which injures society. Therefore, it leads to inadmissibility. It is for this purpose that imprescriptibility arises and imposes itself comfortably. The research's conclusion attempts to demonstrate another facet of imprescriptibility. Imprescriptibility includes the impunity's ineffectiveness which passes irreversibly where ipso facto ensures impunity. This condition was perceived as a temporary and partial absence of justice that produced its socio-legal effects. Thus, the uncertainty of a judicial reaction resulting implicitly from this principle foster indolence in society. Over time, this would unsurprisingly lead to a denial of justice and eternal impunity.

ISLAMIC BANK SUSTAINABILITY IN INDONESIA: VALUE AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCES BASED ON SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND GREEN FINANCE

This paper investigates the sustainability perspective of Islamic banks' financial decisions, performance, and corporate value where Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and green finance are moderation variables. The analysis method used multivariate statistical methods, structural equation modelling with the WarpPLS software program and testing panel data regression models using the E-Views software program. The datasets used involves 34 Islamic banks in Indonesia. This study found a significant relationship between CSR and green finance implementation to financial decisions, financial performance, and corporate value of Islamic banks in Indonesia. However, the relationship is heterogeneous or dissimilar across different quantiles. This means that CSR and green finance implementation only achieve short-term profit, not long-term sustainability. The study also reveals that corporate social responsibility contributes the most to Islamic banks' investment decisions and market value. Thus, policies focusing on integrated CSR in Islamic banking are required to improve sustainability opportunities.

THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF A BANKRUPT COMPANY’S CIVIL LIABILITY FOR OBTAINED TAXES

Sumber Urip Sejati Utama Ltd. is a company that runs in the fertilizer industry. Technically, Sumber Urip Sejati Utama Ltd.'s board of directors purchase urea fertilizer for the factory, then sold the urea fertilizer to consumers. As a urea fertilizer distributor, Sumber Urip Sejati Utama Ltd. should fulfil tax administration obligations, such as reporting tax payments and calculations. However, Sumber Urip Sejati Ltd.’s administration is highly engineered by the company’s directors because Sumber Urip Sejati Utama Ltd. is operating even though it is declared bankrupt. The situation escalades when the company is faced with unfulfilled tax obligation. Therefore, the main problem in this research is the director board of Sumber Urip Sejati Utama's Ltd. civil liability and legal consequences towards the tax in debt due to the board’s negligence. The research method used in this study is a normative juridical approach, which is an approach based on the primary legal material by examining theories, concepts, legal principles and legislation. The research elaborates that the civil liability of Sumber Urip Sejati Utama Ltd.’s director board towards the tax in debts is in a form of joint responsibility or responsibility. Moreover, the legal consequences faced by the director boards due to their negligence is that directors should bear all of the company's debts to creditors and third parties, to the extent of using the directors' assets to cover the losses.

LOANS SETTLEMENT AT FEDERAL INTERNATIONAL FINANCE Ltd. (FIF) BANDAR LAMPUNG CITY

There are many ways to purchase a vehicle, including a credit system. However, various problems arise in its application regarding the settlement of bad loans caused by default debtors. This study aims to analyse the efforts made by Federal International Finance Ltd. (FIF) Bandar Lampung City in resolving motor vehicle bad loans due to default debtors. This study uses empirical normative legal research methods and qualitative descriptive methods. The data is obtained from direct observations and interviews, then linked to legal regulations concerning the default problem. The results indicate that Federal International Finance Ltd. has an ideal solution to resolve bad Loans through litigation and non-litigation. Efforts to settle bad loans through non-litigation could be made by giving a subpoena to the debtor. Furthermore, the creditor could take litigation by filing a civil lawsuit against the debtor for default according to Article 1243 of the Civil Code.

PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM EKSPRESI BUDAYA TRADISIONAL PESTA GOTILON MENURUT HUKUM INTERNASIONAL DAN HUKUM NASIONAL

Sumatera Utara merupakan Provinsi di Indonesia yang memiliki keberagaman suku dan budaya. Diantaranya tentu suku Batak Toba termasuk suku yang mayoritas di dalamnya. Dalam suku Batak Toba dikenal banyak kreasi tradisional dan juga melakukan beberapa kegiatan upacara atau ritual tradisional, salah satu diantaranya adalah Pesta Gotilon. Pesta Gotilon dalam bahasa batak yang berarti panen merupakan kegiatan adat yang merupakan ungkapan syukur para petani kepada Tuhan atas hasil panen pertanian yang melimpah dan berharap di kemudian hari akan melimpah lagi. Dalam tradisinya, para petani akan membawa “silua” atau persembahan yang dipersembahkan kepada Tuhan. Melalui jurnal ini, Penulis menemukan bahwa Pesta Gotilon yang merupakan suatu upacara/ ritual adat yang dilindungi oleh Hukum Internasional maupun Hukum Nasional di Indonesia. Perlindungan Ekspresi Budaya Tradisional (EBT) tidak hanya menjadi perhatian bagi Hukum Internasional, tetapi juga Negara bahkan Pemerintah Pusat sekalipun.

POLICY ON OVERCOMING VILLAGE BUDGET DEVIATIONS BY THE GOVERNMENT INTERNAL SUPERVISORY APPARATUS IN INDONESIA (CASE STUDY OF TANJUNGSARI VILLAGE, LAMPUNG)

Corruption is deeply rooted in Indonesia. This fact is undeniable when this crime has occurred at the lowest government level, namely in the village government. One sample of cases raised in this study is the alleged Corruption Crime committed by the Head of Tanjungsari Natar Village, South Lampung, named Robangi. The problems examined in this alleged criminal act are the factors causing the perpetrator to commit the criminal act of corruption. Second, the pattern of countermeasures carried out by APIP in resolving the case. The method used is qualitative and in the research data collection using a normative juridical approach and empirical juridical. Meanwhile, the theory used as a knife of analysis is the theory of Non-Penal Policy proposed by Muladi and Barda Nawawi Arief, which states that "non-penal policy is the prevention of crime which prioritizes the prevention of crimes committed by guidance, aims to prevent before the crime occurs, and/or the perpetrator does not repeat his actions".The results showed that the factors causing the perpetrator to commit these acts were because the project implementation was not following the proposal, the use of funds was not per the project proposal (total loss), the reason was that at the request of the community, the planned construction was moved to another place. This act is procedurally violating the SOP for the management of state finances. However, empirical facts prove no state loss in the corruption crime allegedly committed by the village head. Based on these facts, APIP South Lampung Regency has implemented a countermeasures policy by imposing administrative sanctions on the village head of Tanjungsari, Natar District, South Lampung.

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF AGREEMENTS THAT ARE QUALIFIED AS FRAUD CRIME

An agreement is a legal act in which a person promises to another person or more or in which two people promise to carry out something, as is also stated in Article 1313 of the Civil Code. Contract cases are the civil case domain, but they can become criminal offenses if what is promised is fictitious or a lie. However, the reality is that currently, in practice, many practitioners are confusing it so that the reporting party criminally reports many cases of this Agreement. The purpose of this research is to find out to what extent a case agreement can be reported criminally. The problems studied in this study are: (1) what is the significance of an agreement according to Indonesian Law? (2) what is the significance of an agreement as a criminal offense of fraud? In this research, the researcher provides an overview of the Agreement's significance according to national law and the meaning of the Agreement as a criminal offense of fraud, as we know that an agreement is a civil case domain but can be included in a criminal case if the elements as mentioned above are fulfilled. In Article 378 of the Criminal Code, as happened in the case of default as stated in the Supreme Court Jurisprudence No. 1689 K/Pid/2015, which gave a verdict that the defendant had violated Article 378 of the Criminal Code jo. 55 paragraph (1) of the Criminal Code. This research is normative legal research conducted through library research by conducting studies and analyzing primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. And in writing this research, too, the researcher carried out observational activities of the practices carried out in the field.

PERSPECTIVE OF RELIGIOUS JUSTICE IN THE FORMULATION OF PENAL REFORM

The perspective of justice from law enforcement is only on the law’s guidance, not based on God’s guidance that prioritizes substantive justice. The idea of religious justice contained in the renewal of criminal law there is Article 53 paragraph (2), with the provision reads in considering the establishment of law and justice as referred to in paragraph (1) there is a conflict that can not be met, the judge must prioritize justice. The recommendations are stated because the explanation of Article 53 paragraph (2) says that justice and legal certainty are two legal objectives that are often not in line with each other and difficult to avoid in legal practice. A rule of law that meets more legal certainty demands, the more likely aspects of justice are urged. Metode research used in this study is normative research, namely research on library materials that are essential data that is classified as secondary data that rests on data collection tools similar to literature studies or document studies. The results showed that if in the application of concrete events, justice and legal certainty are mutually urgent, then the judge, as far as possible, prioritizes justice over legal certainty. Religious Justice that exists in the value of Pancasila formulated into the renewal of criminal law justice contains a demand that people treat others following their rights and obligations. The treatment is not indiscriminate or compassionate; instead, everyone is treated equally under their rights and responsibilities.