Globalization: the New Challenges to the Sciences

Our world including Russia as well as all sciences have recently encountered with unprecedented critical situation. Actually, it’s already a hybrid war against humanity, and a technologically-constructed world is incapable to meet a couple of the above challenges. The interactions of the political, economic, social, climatic and biological processes are clearly showed that a mono-disciplinary method of global studies has been insufficient. The globalization should be investigated as an interdisciplinary phenomenon which is developing in the space– time parameters. Accordingly, humanity isn’t an object of their complex impact but as the active agent of their prevention. And this agent is a union of various sciences, political forces and civil organizations. If nowadays a biological challenge came to the forefront but tomorrow it may be replaced by the geopolitical or climatic issues. But up to now humanity rejects to recognize the natural forces are the same factor of global transformations as a business, politics, sciences and new technologies. It’s one more reason to see the current situation as the critical one. We have to understand that we aren’t in an economic or political crises but it’s a do crucial state of humanity and its living environment. Therefore, recently, our main goal not a sustainable development but the mobilization of all resources at hands in order to save humanity combines with critical comprehension of current global geopolitics and scientific and technological achievements. I’m deeply convinced that Russian sociology is able to play a leading role in that work.

Memory of the Students About the Great Patriotic War: Сommon and Special

Changes in Russian society, happened in the last three decades, determine the contradictory process of socialization of the younger generation. The blurry of perceptions about the type of personality demanded by society and the state, in many ways, determines the chaotic process of forming the values of young people, which proceed under the influence of random and sometimes divergent factors. Changing objective living conditions in modern Russian society leads to a significant complication of social self-determination processes, the formation of the problematic identity of various youth groups. The authors of the article focused on identifying local-territorial and sociocultural features of the memory of the Great Patriotic War of the students of the large regional centers of the Volga Federal District. The dynamics of this process are analyzed on the basis of data obtained during the research of historical memory of students of Nizhny Novgorod region and cities of the Volga Federal District in 2005–2015. The Volga branch of FCTAS RAS and LUNN, as well as the all-Russian sociological study of the Russian society of sociologists in 2020. The authors of the article substantiate the conclusion that the structure of the historical memory of young students is very selective, often without sufficient justification fixes attention on some events and ignores others, contributing to the mythologization of historical consciousness, disorienting it and creating a favorable ground for the emergence and strengthening of social destruction. The authors’ conclusion is convincing that without special eff orts of society, the state, educational institutions aimed at forming the historical consciousness of young students, it is impossible to maintain the attitude to the Great Patriotic War, as a landmark event in world and national history.

The Interests of Employees and the Protection of their Rights in the Digital Network Era

The global digital networking of all spheres of life, taking place before our eyes, also affects the field of socio-political relations. A feature of the new era is that the relationship between society and power through the traditional institutions of representative democracy is gradually losing its effectiveness. The emergence of social networks is radically changing the methods of creating a socially significant agenda: if earlier it was articulated “above” and broadcast “down”, now it is increasingly happening “from bottom to top”. Change to network and ways of organizing social movements. The crisis of representativeness has also affected unions. New forms of employment complicate the traditional collective agreement and legislative regulation of this sphere. At the same time, the need for collective protection of the interests of employees remains, but there are no more structural and organizational prerequisites for its implementation. An attempt is being made to replace representative democracy with participatory democracy. At the same time, the traditional institutions of representative democracy do not disappear, but their influence decreases and the role changes. Trade unions as an institution of the political system continue to play a rather prominent role. And the use of modern social technologies gives a new impetus to the development of the ideology of the trade union movement, offers new practical solutions in the implementation of the functions of the trade union movement. In Russia, professional social networks as an instrument of collective protection of the professional interests of workers are only being formed. Time will tell whether they will be a certain stage in the development of the traditional trade union movement or will they fully assume its function: the realization of the idea of joint struggle for the common economic interests of employees.

Cultural Potential of the Social Structure of Russian Society: Definition of the Problem

The article analyses the present state of culture in Russia, its multilevel content. It shows the influence of different layers of society on the state and development of the present social structure. Based on perennial research data collected with participation of the author, sociocultural models of social relations and their influence on the cultural potential of the social structure are described. The article emphasizes the necessity of multilevel social research of the cultural potential of Russian society. The main directions of theoretical, methodological and empirical program of such research are formulated.

New Social Elevators in the Regional Space

The problem of new social elevators in Russian society has entered the public space and has become abdiscussion space not only for the expert community, but also for practical managers. It is obvious that the social class and socio-territorial (spatial) barriers to upward social mobility generate abmultiplicative effect of social stagnation. According to the author of the article, new social elevators in the regional space are mechanisms of upward social mobility of subjects of the regional space (volunteer movements, social networks, subcultural practices), focused on changes in social status positions according to the criteria of social utility, social creativity, and social self-determination. Applying the principles of the resource approach (volume of capital, diversity capital, resource potential regional space, resursoemkost regional elite and non-elite actors of the regional space) on the basis of the results of all-Russian and regional sociological researches devoted to different aspects of the problem, it is concluded that the formation of abnew social mobility is the result of ab“social contract” with regional elites focus on social “capitalization” and the regional space, forming new social elevators within the framework of converting social and cultural-symbolic capital not for inclusion in regional elites, but for acquiring abresource of influence on making vital decisions for regional development.

Regional Features of Income Stratification in the Context of Employment and Financial Behavior (Case of the Tyva Republic)

Based on the data of representative sociological research of inhabitants of the Tyva Republic conducted by researchers of Institute of sociology of FCTAS RAS in April 2019, the article reveals the features of income stratification of the population of the Republic in the context of employment and financial behavior. It is shown that the model of income strat-ifi cation of Tuva is shifted down, since the population of the Republic is dominated by groups with incomes, usually not exceeding 1.5 medians, who also have loans or credits. In General, this situation is partly replicated at the country level. Savings strategies are not widely popular among the population of the Republic. It is also noted that the presence of official employment among the majority of respondents, although it reduces the risk of falling into the group of low-income people, does not guarantee their socio-economic stability. At the same time, individuals ‘ subjective estimates of their income are concentrated in approximately the same range, corresponding to the median group. This, on the one hand, indicates absubjective desire for more prosperous groups in material terms, and on the other hand, confirms that the established way of life is perceived by most Tuvans as the most common in the region, allowing them to feel no worse than the rest. The results of the study also show that in order to ensure an appropriate standard of living, the population of the Republic often turns to mutual assistance resources. At the same time about half of households pay debts to credit and microfinance organizations.

Between the Temptation by New Theories and Social Practice

The article reveals the eff orts of Russian academic community to depoliticize ethnicity, to change the theory of ethnic, and to create new approaches to ethnicity research following main trends of world science. The article shows the influence of science on institutional space such as changing the name of disciplines and associations, and the new politic of identity developing. The analyzing of that changes influenced the idea of the importance of ethnicity in the mass consciousness is made based on data from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS-HSE) an FCTAS RAS project “The Dynamics of Social Transformation of Modern Russia’s Socioeconomic, Political, Sociocultural and Ethnoreligious Contexts”. The author makes a conclusion that influence of science on public opinion about ethnicity is limited by the ambivalence of Russian politics of identity policy in 2000s, and by the inertia of mass consciousness.

Religiosity and Interreligious Relations in the Assessments of Russians

The purpose of the article is to reveal a sociological understanding of the notion “interreligious relations” and, based on a number of indicators, to study the level of religiosity of Russians and their attitudes towards representatives of other religions, the level of discrimination and the level of declared religious tolerance. The study was carried out on the basis of the data of the all-Russian survey conducted by WCIOM in November 2019, the sample population was 2,000. An important conclusion is made that in conditions of the high importance of the religious identity of Russians, their assessments record an extremely low (2–3%) level of religious discrimination (understood as the experience of encountering a violation of rights, restricting opportunities, a hostile attitude due to religion affiliation). The study recorded a high level of religious tolerance (lack of hostility towards members of other religions), concludes that the intense religious identity of the main faith groups (Orthodox and Muslims) does not provoke conflict in the sphere of interethnic relations.

Finding Better Job by Employed People as the Feature of Precarious Work

The article is devoted to the set of signs and consequences of unstable employment, expressed in the desire and readiness to find abnew job with better working conditions. The article identifies two groups of factors that affect the probability of finding another job: 1)ba set of social and labor characteristics; 2)bа personal desire for professional and career growth. The willingness to change the place of work is manifested through the individual response of the working person to the working and living conditions. The search for abbetter job is most often prompted by such undesirable social and labor factors as employment without ablabor contract, underemployment or flexible work schedule, temporary nature of work, availability of additional work and overtime, dissatisfaction with working conditions, lack of labor safety guarantees, discrepancy between the place of permanent residence and the place of work (shift work, pendulum migration), etc. Abstimulating factor in the search for abbetter job is also the desire for professional or career growth. According to our research, employed respondents who believe that their level of education and qualifications allow them to perform more difficult work are more likely to search for another, namely abbetter job.

Professionalization Processes in the Context of Modernization of the Social Structure of Russian Society

The object of abcomprehensive interdisciplinary research (Sociology, Economics, History, Psychology, Pedagogy, Management, Law, etc.) is about study the problems of social adaptation and functioning of various professional groups in the process of modernizing the social structure of Russian society and impact of social processes on their viability. The relevance of the research is due to the rapidly changing and increasingly complex processes of forming the professional structure of Russian society under the influence of external factors (instability of the world socio-political systems, the crisis of the world economy, the prospects for resolving contradictions between global and national ways of development of States, Informatization and digitalization of social communications, the increase in conflicts of interests between subjects of the labor process) and internal factors (features of the modern national labor market, disproportionality of the distribution of productive forces on the territory of Russia, demographic problems; changes in the motivational vector of the choice of professional trajectory of young people, ineffective reform of the system of secondary and higher education). The work carried out in 2019 is devoted to the study of changes in status positions and the implementation of cultural, political and educational capital by representatives of the engineering, pedagogical, medical community, environmentalists and online specialists in the context of changes in the social structure of abmodernizing society. The most significant areas of activity were: assessment of the quality and prospective role of engineering education as abtechnological basis for the effectiveness of modernization processes in the economy; considering proforientation events as part of government policy in abperspective of staffing modernization processes; analysis of the role of Informatization of computerization and digitalization as the realities of the developing information society, shaping new relations of production and specifics of communication in society at all stages of formation or extinction of occupational groups. The results of the research deserve the attention of specialists who study the social structure of society, can be useful for preparing abcourse of lectures on the sociology of professions and professional groups, as well as for managers at various levels involved in education, labor relations and information technology.