The Influence of Education on Clinically Diagnosed Dementia Incidence and Mortality Data From the Kungsholmen Project

Abstract Background With nearly three-fourths of the U.S. population isolated in their homes between early March and the end of May, almost all of whom regularly watch television (TV), it was no surprise that companies began to purchase airtime on major television networks to advertise (ad) their brands and showcase their empathy with the populace. But how would the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic curve have changed had these same dollars been allocated to proven preventive interventions? Methods Performance and activity metrics on all COVID-19 related TV ads that have aired in the U.S. between February 26th and June 7th, 2020, were provided by iSpot.tv, Inc., including expenditures. COVID-19 incidence and mortality data were collected from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Descriptive statistics were performed to calculate total TV ad expenditures and other performance metrics across industry categories. Leveraging a previously published stochastic agent-based model that was used to assess the cost-effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions to control COVID-19, the number of cases that would have been prevented had these same dollars been used for preventive interventions was calculated using cost-effectiveness ratios (CERs), the cost divided by cases prevented. Results A total of 1,513 companies purchased TV airtime during the study period, totaling approximately 1.1 million airings, 215.5 billion impressions, and $2.7 billion in expenditures; most of the expenditures were spent by the restaurant (15.9%), electronics and communications (15.4%), and vehicle (13.7%) industries. The CERs for PPE and social distancing measures were $13,856 and $29,552, respectively; therefore, had all of these TV ad dollars instead been allocated to PPE or social distancing measures, approximately 194,908 and 91,386 cases of COVID-19 may have been prevented by the end of the study period, respectively. Figure 2. COVID-19 cases prevented had TV ad expenditures been reallocated for interventions. Conclusion Americans were inundated with COVID-19 related TV ads during the early months of the pandemic and companies are now showing some signs to relent. In times of disaster, however, it is paramount that the private sector go beyond showcasing their empathy and truly become socially responsible by allocating their funds to proven prevention and control measures. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

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Abstract P165: Future Burden of Morbidity and Disability in England and Wales: A Modelling Study

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.133.suppl_1.p165 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 133 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Maria Guzman Castillo ◽

Sara Ahmadi-Abhari ◽

Piotr Bandosz ◽

Martin Shipley ◽

Simon Capewell ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Life Expectancy ◽

Similar Degree ◽

Health States ◽

England And Wales ◽

Incidence Trends ◽

Dementia Incidence ◽

Incidence And Mortality ◽

The Future ◽

Future Burden ◽

Disability Prevalence

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and dementia have profound impacts on the morbidity and disability burden in older people. Uncertainty remains regarding the future incidence of these conditions. We forecast future levels of morbidity and disability in England and Wales up to 2040 under two scenarios regarding CVD and dementia future trends. Methods: We developed a probabilistic Markov model (IMPACT-BAM) which follows the transitions of the England and Wales population into health states characterised by the presence or absence of CVD, dementia and disability to 2040. Data sources include national health registers (ONS) and cohort studies (HSE, Whitehall II and ELSA). Modelled CVD and Non-CVD mortality and prevalence trends for disability and morbidity were used to estimate trends in life expectancy (LE), morbidity-free life expectancy (MFLE) and disability-free life expectancy (DFLE). We assumed that CVD incidence and mortality will continue their current trends and modelled two scenarios: Scenario A assumes constant dementia incidence, a common assumption when projecting future burden of dementia; Scenario B assumes 2% annual decline in dementia incidence, as suggested in UK population-based cohorts. Results: In 2011, LE at age 65 was 18.4 years for men and 21.0 years for women. In Scenario A, LE at 65 in 2040 will increase to 26.7 and 24.8 years in men and women. DFLE at 65 will increase (by 5.5 years in men and 2.8 years in women, to 21.7 and 20.7 years respectively). MFLE at 65 will increase slightly (by 1.5 years in men and 1.4 in women, to 10.7 and 13.2 years respectively). Disability prevalence would increase by 3.1% to 14.4% ( 1,081,483 of 7,510,299) in men and decrease slightly (by 0.6% to 14% (1,214,754 of 8,676,813)) in women. In Scenario B, LE at 65 in 2040 will increase to a similar degree as in Scenario A, but DFLE and MFLE will increase faster (DFLE: by 7.5 years in men and 4.6 in women, to 23.7 and 22.5 years respectively; MFLE: by 4.5 years for both genders to 13.8 years in men and 16.3 in women). Disability prevalence will slightly increase (by 0.8% to 12.1% (908,746 of 7,510,299)) in men and decrease by 3.0% to 11.4% (989,157 of 8,676,813) in women. Conclusions: The future disability burden crucially depends on assumptions about future dementia incidence trends. If the dementia incidence continues unchanged, the duration of morbidity and disability will be prolonged. However, if dementia incidence decreases (as suggested in the UK and mirroring CVD declines) we could live more years in good health, with morbidity compressed into a shorter period before death.

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THE CHANGING TREND OF MORTALITY CAUSED BY GASTROINTESTINAL CANCERS IN IRAN DURING THE YEARS 2006-2010

Arquivos de Gastroenterologia ◽

10.1590/s0004-2803.201800000-60 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 55 (3) ◽

pp. 237-241 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Fatemeh SALEHI ◽

Ali AHMADI ◽

Seyede Soghra AHMADI SOODEJANI ◽

Milad SHAHINI SHAMS ABADI

Keyword(s):

Causes Of Death ◽

Age Groups ◽

Mortality Data ◽

Gastrointestinal Cancers ◽

Mortality Trend ◽

Pancreatic Cancers ◽

Incidence And Mortality ◽

High Incidence ◽

Increasing Trend ◽

Changing Trend

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Cancers are one of the most important causes of death in the world. According to their high incidence and mortality, gastrointestinal cancers have particular importance among other cancers. OBJECTIVE: Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the mortality change trends of gastrointestinal cancers in Iran. METHODS: This study was performed by analyzing the reported mortality data in 29 provinces of Iran in 2006-2010. Mortality trend of gastrointestinal cancers was drawn for both sexes in the study years and disaggregated by age groups and their frequency distribution. The WinPepi software was used for analysis. RESULTS: In the years 2006-2010, the mortality rate of, gastric, colorectal, liver and pancreatic cancers, has significantly increased. Totally, gastrointestinal mortality is higher in men than women. Also, the results showed that by increasing age, death from these cancers also increased. CONCLUSION: The most important causes of death from gastrointestinal cancers were gastric, liver and colorectal cancers in Iran and because of their increasing trend in the country, performing preventive interventions for the cancers’ risk factors is necessary.

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Temporal and Spatial Epidemiology of Phytophthora Root Rot in Fraser Fir Plantations

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pd-90-1171 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 90 (9) ◽

pp. 1171-1180 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

D. M. Benson ◽

L. F. Grand ◽

C. S. Vernia ◽

T. R. Gottwald

Keyword(s):

Spatial Analysis ◽

Root Rot ◽

Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽

Local Area ◽

Slope Aspect ◽

Mortality Data ◽

Phytophthora Root Rot ◽

Fraser Fir ◽

Incidence And Mortality ◽

Over Time

In 1999, 19 plots of Fraser fir (Abies fraseri) with a disease focus were established in commercial plantings grown for Christmas tree production in the mountains of five western North Caro-lina counties. Progress of Phytophthora root rot caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi as estimated by mortality was followed in each plot over 3 to 4 years in an attempt to understand dispersal of inoculum. Slope, aspect, and field production age at the time plots were established were recorded. Rainfall estimated from National Weather Service stations each growing season also was recorded. The relationship of site parameters and rainfall to dispersal and disease was investigated. Disease incidence and mortality were assessed in June and September each year for 3 or 4 years depending on plot. Phytophthora root rot as estimated by mortality counts over time in a logistic regression model progressed in only five of 19 plots over 3 years. None of the site parameters correlated with mortality data, although slightly more disease was found in plots with a north aspect. Rainfall was below normal in the 3 years of the study and did not correlate with mortality in any year. Lack of disease progress in the majority of plots was attributed to drought conditions in the region. In the five plots where mortality increased over time, spatial analysis suggested an aggregated pattern of diseased plants. Aggregation was apparent but not very strong among nearest neighbors, but was considerably stronger among groups of trees within a local area. This aggregation within groups was stronger when larger group sizes were examined by beta-binomial analysis. A spatial analysis by distance indices method (SADIE) indicated the presence of secondary clusters occurring several meters away from the main focus. A stochastic model also was employed that indicated a combination of spatial processes were likely involved, specifically a tendency toward spread within a local area, but not necessarily to the nearest neighboring trees, combined with an influence of background inoculum that could not be accounted for within local areas and may have come from external sources. Thus, all sources of inoculum including infected planting stock, inoculum in soil, infected trees, and contaminated equipment were equally important in epidemics of Phytophthora root rot in Fraser fir and dispersal of P. cinnamomi.

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Incidence and mortality data

Gynaecological Oncology ◽

10.1017/cbo9780511691799.018 ◽

2010 ◽

pp. 209-212

Author(s):

Mahmood I. Shafi ◽

Helena M. Earl ◽

Li Tee Tan

Keyword(s):

Mortality Data ◽

Incidence And Mortality

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Diarrhoea morbidity and mortality in older children, adolescents, and adults

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268810000592 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 138 (9) ◽

pp. 1215-1226 ◽

Cited By ~ 51

Author(s):

C. L. FISCHER WALKER ◽

R. E. BLACK

Keyword(s):

Eastern Mediterranean ◽

Age Groups ◽

Eastern Mediterranean Region ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Morbidity And Mortality ◽

Mortality Data ◽

Older Children ◽

Incidence And Mortality ◽

Adolescents And Adults

SUMMARYDiarrhoea is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality yet diarrhoea specific incidence and mortality rates for older children, adolescents, and adults have not been systematically calculated for many countries. We conducted a systematic literature review to generate regional incidence rates by age and to summarize diarrhoea specific mortality rates for regions of the world with inadequate vital registration data. Diarrhoea morbidity rates range from 29·9 episodes/100 person-years for adults in the South East Asian region to 88·4 episodes/100 person-years in older children in the Eastern Mediterranean region and have remained unchanged in the last 30 years. Diarrhoea mortality rates decline as the child ages and remain relatively constant during adulthood. These data are critical for improving estimates worldwide and further highlight the need for improved diarrhoea specific morbidity and mortality data in these age groups.

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Inter- and intra-country variations in the use of trastuzumab in Norway, Spain and Sweden

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.1069 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 25 (18_suppl) ◽

pp. 1069-1069

Author(s):

N. Wilking ◽

J. Bergh ◽

U. Wilking ◽

B. Jönsson

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Regional Differences ◽

Treatment Time ◽

Breast Cancer Mortality ◽

Metastatic Breast ◽

International Agency ◽

Mortality Data ◽

Global Comparison ◽

Comparison Results ◽

Incidence And Mortality

1069 Background: Breast cancer mortality is similar in Norway, Spain and Sweden (14–16/100,000 Age Standardized Rate). There are only small regional differences in incidence and mortality within the countries. Trastuzumab (T) was approved for metastatic breast cancer (MBC) in Norway, Spain and Sweden in second half of year 2000. T represents a unique new treatment for MBC that delays disease progression and improves survival. HER2 over expression (H+) is used to identify patients eligible for trastuzumab treatment (T). Methods: This study use sales data from IMS Health and incidence and mortality data from regional and national cancer registries as well as data from International Agency for Research on Cancer. We examines the variation in the use of T in different health care regions of Norway (4 regions), Spain (19 regions) and Sweden (6 regions) as well as differences in use between the countries. These results were also put into a global comparison. Results: There are marked differences in both the rate and level of uptake between the countries. Three years after approval the Spanish uptake was close to 90 % and twice the Swedish and 3–4 times the Norwegian uptake. The regional variations within the countries are of the same magnitude, a factor 2–3. Based on an assumed H+ rate of 25% and a treatment time of 38 weeks we estimate the proportion of H+ MBC patients that have been treated with T during the period 2000–2005 to be 24% in Norway; 66% in Spain and 44% in Sweden. In all countries there has been an increase in the use during the second half of 2005, indicating a use also in the adjuvant situation. T was approved for adjuvant treatment of BC in Europe in April 2006. Conclusions: Access of trastuzumab to patients with MBC in Norway, Spain and Sweden has been very variable. Spanish MBC patients have had earlier access to T than Swedish patients. Norwegian patients have had the lowest access. Regional differences in the use are in the magnitude of a factor 2–3. On a global level the Spanish uptake is in line with the uptake in the USA, Switzerland and Austria; the Swedish uptake is at an average European level and the Norwegian uptake is at a low level, similar to Czech Republic, Hungary, New Zealand, Poland and the UK. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

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Trends in incidence, mortality and treatment of penile cancer before and after centralisation of penile cancer services in England (1990–2009)

Journal of Clinical Urology ◽

10.1177/2051415816676740 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (1_suppl) ◽

pp. 19-23 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

BE Ayres ◽

M Iles ◽

L Hounsome ◽

S McPhail ◽

R Persad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lymph Node ◽

Survival Data ◽

Penile Cancer ◽

Public Awareness ◽

National Income ◽

Early Period ◽

Cancer Information ◽

Mortality Data ◽

Cancer Services ◽

Incidence And Mortality

Objective: Penile cancer services were centralised in England in 2002. Has this had an impact on treatments for penile cancer and survival? Patients and methods: All cases of penile cancer from 1990 to 2009 were identified from national cancer registry data. Mortality data were obtained from the Office for National Statistics and survival data were extracted from a national population-based database, the Cancer Information System. Socioeconomic deprivation was calculated using a national income deprivation score and surgical treatments were obtained from Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) data. Results: The number of penile cancer cases recorded rose from 300 to 400 per year during the early period of centralisation. There was a significant rise in the age-standardised incidence of penile cancer from 1.2 per 100,000 to 1.4 per 100,000 during this period. Mortality remained stable at 0.3 per 100,000. One-year and five-year relative survival remained stable after centralisation at 88% and 72% respectively. The incidence and mortality of penile cancer was significantly higher in the most deprived quintile of the population. Following centralisation, the number of total penile amputations was low at 11% but only 39% of men were recorded as having lymph node surgery, although this may reflect poor compliance with coding rather than true practice. Conclusions: The incidence of penile cancer in England is rising, but mortality and survival remains stable. Incidence and mortality is higher in more deprived areas, and greater public awareness of this disease and its risk factors are needed. By 2009, rates of penile amputation were low but potentially the proportion of lymph-node surgery remained low. This may change with the uptake of inguinal sentinel lymph-node sampling.

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Renal Cell Carcinoma – How Can We Predict its Outcomes in Clinical Practice?

Acta Chirurgica Latviensis ◽

10.2478/chilat-2013-0012 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 63-70

Author(s):

Ieva Vaivode ◽

Vilnis Lietuvietis ◽

Alinta Hegmane ◽

Iveta Kudaba

Keyword(s):

Renal Cell Carcinoma ◽

Cell Carcinoma ◽

Renal Cell ◽

Predictive Accuracy ◽

Treatment Strategies ◽

Simple Algorithm ◽

Mortality Data ◽

Routine Practice ◽

Clinical Scenarios ◽

Incidence And Mortality

Summary Morbidity and mortality data of RCC (renal cell carcinoma) differs a lot among the European countries. In Latvia a growing trend in both incidence and mortality rates is still observed. The expanding availability of multiple treatment strategies has increased the importance of skilled individualized outcome prediction for patients. Several prognostic factors are available in RCC including anatomical, histological, clinical and molecular ones, but none of them is very precise, when used alone. Therefore increasing number of prognostic systems has been created in local and metastatic disease to increase predictive accuracy. In order to encourage the clinicians to use the available models in their routine practice, we tried to select the most relevant ones and include them in a simple algorithm to be used in common clinical scenarios throughout entire history of the disease in patients with RCC

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