Biological Effects of Hypomagnetic Field: Ground‐Based Data for Space Exploration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zheyuan Zhang ◽  
Yanru Xue ◽  
Jiancheng Yang ◽  
Peng Shang ◽  
Xichen Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Biological Effects ◽  
Space Exploration ◽  
Hypomagnetic Field

scholarly journals Biological Effects of Space Hypomagnetic Environment on Circadian Rhythm

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xunwen Xue ◽  
Yasser F. Ali ◽  
Wanrong Luo ◽  
Caorui Liu ◽  
Guangming Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Interdisciplinary Cooperation ◽  
Hypomagnetic Field ◽  
Earth Magnetic Field ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Interplanetary Missions

The intrinsic earth magnetic field (geomagnetic field, GMF) provides an essential environmental condition for most living organisms to adapt the solar cycle by rhythmically synchronizing physiological and behavioral processes. However, hypomagnetic field (HMF) of outer space, the Moon, and the Mars differs much from GMF, which poses a critical problem to astronauts during long-term interplanetary missions. Multiple experimental works have been devoted to the HMF effects on circadian rhythm and found that HMF perturbs circadian rhythms and profoundly contributes to health problems such as sleep disorders, altered metabolic as well as neurological diseases. By systemizing the latest progress on interdisciplinary cooperation between magnetobiology and chronobiology, this review sheds light on the health effects of HMF on circadian rhythms by elaborating the underlying circadian clock machinery and molecular processes.

BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF COSMIC RADIATION IN LOW-EARTH ORBIT

2002 ◽  
Vol 17 (12n13) ◽  
pp. 1713-1721 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARCO DURANTE
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Radiation ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Space Exploration ◽  
Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes ◽  
Low Earth Orbit ◽  
Energy Spectra ◽  
Biological Dosimetry ◽  
Biological Damage ◽  
Stochastic Risk

Space exploration poses health hazards to the crews of manned missions. Exposure to cosmic radiation and loss of bone density are considered the two most important risk factors for long-term missions. Stochastic risk deriving from cosmic radiation exposure can be estimated by physical dosimeters, using appropriate conversion factors. Recent measurements of space radiation fluence and energy spectra will improve current estimates. Biological dosimetry can be used as a tool to determine the risk directly from biological damage. Chromosomal aberrations in astronauts' peripheral blood lymphocytes have been used as a biomarker of cancer risk. In this paper we will also discuss countermeasures to radiation damage, focusing on the problem of shielding in space.

scholarly journals Magnetic field inhomogeneities due to CO 2 incubator shelves: a source of experimental confounding and variability?

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 172095 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Makinistian ◽  
I. Belyaev
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Steel Alloy ◽  
Field Range ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Hypomagnetic Field ◽  
Strong Distortion

A thorough assessment of the static magnetic field (SMF) inside a CO 2 incubator allowed us to identify non-negligible inhomogeneities close to the floor, ceiling, walls and the door. Given that incubator's shelves are made of a non-magnetic stainless steel alloy, we did not expect any important effect of them on the SMF. Surprisingly, we did find relatively strong distortion of the SMF due to shelves. Indeed, our high-resolution maps of the SMF revealed that distortion is such that field intensities differing by a factor of up to 36 were measured on the surface of the shelf at locations only few millimetres apart from each other. Furthermore, the most intense of these fields was around five times greater than the ones found inside the incubator (without the metallic shelves in), while the lowest one was around 10 times lower, reaching the so-called hypomagnetic field range. Our findings, together with a survey of the literature on biological effects of hypomagnetic fields, soundly support the idea that SMF inhomogeneities inside incubators, especially due to shelves' holes, are a potential source of confounding and variability in experiments with cell cultures kept in an incubator.

scholarly journals RESOURCE-EFFECTIVE SOLUTIONS TO ADDRESS HYPOMAGNETIC INFLUENCE ON HUMAN BODY

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
M. Kartashova ◽  
A. Artamonov ◽  
E. Plotnikov
Keyword(s):  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Space Exploration ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Space Missions ◽  
Helmholtz Coils ◽  
Hypomagnetic Field ◽  
Effective Technology ◽  
Protection Strategies ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Living Organisms

Relevance: Hypomagnetic conditions have undesirable effects concerning various fields of science and technology. In biology, they cause adverse circumstances, which affect the functioning of living organisms. However, humans experience hypomagnetic fields (HMF) during space exploration, through some branches of production, military objects, and community transport. On the other hand, various high-precision technologies must have or operate under a hypomagnetic field. Aims: We aimed to provide a critical analysis of several ways of preparing hypomagnetic field, differences between hypomagnetic chambers and Helmholtz coils, and review of thematic patents and articles available in the Russian Federation. Methods: We structured and analyzed modern achievements in HMF. Experimental studies on living organisms were evaluated because they show different technical conditions connected to the theme of the hypomagnetic field. Results: Based on this analysis, a new resource-effective technology, which reveals several concerns on the hypomagnetic field, was offered. This technology is essential to be used during preparations for space missions, which require products with special necessities in terms of effectiveness and reliability. Conclusion: We summarized and correlated the results of experiments with possible magnetic conditions, which can occur during space missions and in some military and civil applications. Protection strategies from hypomagnetic conditions were considered. Novel experiments regarding realistic conditions were suggested

Ultrastructural Changes in Three Different Mammalian Cells Following Ultraviolet Laser Irradiation

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 350-351
Author(s):  
K. Shankar Narayan ◽  
Kailash C. Gupta ◽  
Tohru Okigaki
Keyword(s):  
Ultraviolet Light ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Chinese Hamster ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Differential Sensitivity ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Ultraviolet Laser

The biological effects of short-wave ultraviolet light has generally been described in terms of changes in cell growth or survival rates and production of chromosomal aberrations. Ultrastructural changes following exposure of cells to ultraviolet light, particularly at 265 nm, have not been reported.We have developed a means of irradiating populations of cells grown in vitro to a monochromatic ultraviolet laser beam at a wavelength of 265 nm based on the method of Johnson. The cell types studies were: i) WI-38, a human diploid fibroblast; ii) CMP, a human adenocarcinoma cell line; and iii) Don C-II, a Chinese hamster fibroblast cell strain. The cells were exposed either in situ or in suspension to the ultraviolet laser (UVL) beam. Irradiated cell populations were studied either "immediately" or following growth for 1-8 days after irradiation.Differential sensitivity, as measured by survival rates were observed in the three cell types studied. Pattern of ultrastructural changes were also different in the three cell types.

Genomic analysis of C-type lectins

2002 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 59-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt Drickamer ◽  
Andrew J. Fadden
Keyword(s):  
Biological Effects ◽  
Cell Signalling ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Binding Activity ◽  
Immunoglobulin Superfamily ◽  
Carbohydrate Binding ◽  
Carbohydrate Recognition ◽  
Calcium Dependent ◽  
Binding Domains ◽  
Carbohydrate Recognition Domains

Many biological effects of complex carbohydrates are mediated by lectins that contain discrete carbohydrate-recognition domains. At least seven structurally distinct families of carbohydrate-recognition domains are found in lectins that are involved in intracellular trafficking, cell adhesion, cell–cell signalling, glycoprotein turnover and innate immunity. Genome-wide analysis of potential carbohydrate-binding domains is now possible. Two classes of intracellular lectins involved in glycoprotein trafficking are present in yeast, model invertebrates and vertebrates, and two other classes are present in vertebrates only. At the cell surface, calcium-dependent (C-type) lectins and galectins are found in model invertebrates and vertebrates, but not in yeast; immunoglobulin superfamily (I-type) lectins are only found in vertebrates. The evolutionary appearance of different classes of sugar-binding protein modules parallels a development towards more complex oligosaccharides that provide increased opportunities for specific recognition phenomena. An overall picture of the lectins present in humans can now be proposed. Based on our knowledge of the structures of several of the C-type carbohydrate-recognition domains, it is possible to suggest ligand-binding activity that may be associated with novel C-type lectin-like domains identified in a systematic screen of the human genome. Further analysis of the sequences of proteins containing these domains can be used as a basis for proposing potential biological functions.

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