Loss of “insight” into behavioral changes in ALS: Differences across cognitive profiles

AbstractLosing a point playing tennis may result from poor shot selection or poor stroke execution. To explore how the brain responds to these different types of errors, we examined EEG signatures of feedback-related processing while participants performed a simple decision-making task. In Experiment 1, we used a task in which unrewarded outcomes were framed as selection errors, similar to how feedback information is treated in most studies. Consistent with previous work, EEG differences between rewarded and unrewarded trials in the medial frontal negativity (MFN) correlated with behavioral adjustment. In Experiment 2, the task was modified such that unrewarded outcomes could arise from either poor execution or selection. For selection errors, the results replicated that observed in Experiment 1. However, unrewarded outcomes attributed to poor execution produced larger amplitude MFN, alongside an attenuation in activity preceding this component and a subsequent enhanced error positivity (Pe) response in posterior sites. In terms of behavioral correlates, only the degree of the early attenuation and amplitude of the Pe correlated with behavioral adjustment following execution errors relative to reward; the amplitude of the MFN did not correlate with behavioral changes related to execution errors. These results indicate the existence of distinct neural correlates of selection and execution error processing and are consistent with the hypothesis that execution errors can modulate action selection evaluation. More generally, they provide insight into how the brain responds to different classes of error that determine future action.Significance StatementTo learn from mistakes, we must resolve whether decisions that fail to produce rewards are due to poorly selected action plans or badly executed movements. EEG data were obtained to identify and compare the physiological correlates of selection and execution errors, and how these are related to behavioral changes. A neural signature associated with reinforcement learning, a medial frontal negative (MFN) ERP deflection, correlated with behavioral adjustment after selection errors relative to reward outcomes, but not motor execution errors. In contrast, activity preceding and following the MFN response correlated with behavioral adjustment after execution errors relative to reward. These results provide novel insight into how the brain responds to different classes of error that determine future action.

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Current Trends in Research in Climate Change Related to Biodiversity

IAMURE International Journal of Ecology and Conservation ◽

10.7718/ijec.v4i1.361 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Pooja Singh ◽

R. Nagendran

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Global Warming ◽

Species Interaction ◽

Behavioral Changes ◽

Research Needs ◽

Changing Climate ◽

Current Trends ◽

Climate Interactions ◽

Insight Into ◽

Leading Journals

The changing climate has forced its way into everyone’s mind as an unpleasant thought. Global warming, no more a hoax now, has started to show its presence everywhere. It has affected the atmosphere, economy, politics, lifestyle, biodiversity etc. Of all, biodiversity is a clear indicator of changing climate. The indication is made by the chemical, physiological or behavioral changes observed in animal and plant species. There has been a shift in the species diversity towards the regions which were originally cold but have become warm due to the warming of the climate. The research on the effects of climate change on biodiversity has been intensive. The studies have covered several aspects of ‘biodiversity -climate’ interactions. The present paper is an attempt to provide an insight into the major contributions by researchers as reflected in papers published during the last fifteen years in some of the leading journals and discuss the research needs for the future, especially in the context of developing countries. Keywords - Climatology, biodiversity, species interaction, India

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Stress in paradise: effects of elevated corticosterone on immunity and avian malaria resilience in a Hawaiian passerine

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.242951 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Gabrielle R. Names ◽

Elizabeth M. Schultz ◽

Jesse S. Krause ◽

Thomas P. Hahn ◽

John C. Wingfield ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Innate Immunity ◽

Malaria Parasite ◽

Avian Malaria ◽

Leukocyte Count ◽

Parasite Load ◽

High Elevation ◽

Natural Antibodies ◽

Behavioral Changes ◽

Malaria Parasites ◽

Insight Into

Vertebrates confronted with challenging environments often experience an increase in circulating glucocorticoids, which result in morphological, physiological, and behavioral changes that promote survival. However, chronically elevated glucocorticoids can suppress immunity, which may increase susceptibility to disease. Since the introduction of avian malaria to Hawaii a century ago, low elevation populations of Hawaii Amakihi (Chlorodrepanis virens) have undergone strong selection by avian malaria and evolved increased resilience (the ability to recover from infection), while populations at high elevation with few vectors have not undergone selection and remain susceptible. We investigated how experimentally elevated corticosterone affects the ability of high and low elevation male Amakihi to cope with avian malaria by measuring innate immunity, hematocrit, and malaria parasitemia. Corticosterone implants resulted in a decrease in hematocrit in high and low elevation birds but no changes to circulating natural antibodies or leukocytes. Overall, leukocyte count was higher in low than high elevation birds. Malaria infections were detected in a subset of low elevation birds. Infected individuals with corticosterone implants experienced a significant increase in circulating malaria parasites while untreated infected birds did not. Our results suggest that Amakihi innate immunity measured by natural antibodies and leukocytes is not sensitive to changes in corticosterone, and that high circulating corticosterone may reduce the ability of Amakihi to cope with infection via its effects on hematocrit and malaria parasite load. Understanding how glucocorticoids influence a host's ability to cope with introduced diseases provides new insight into the conservation of animals threatened by novel pathogens.

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Decreased Taurine and Creatine in the Thalamus May Relate to Behavioral Impairments in Ethanol-Fed Mice: A Pilot Study of Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Molecular Imaging ◽

10.1177/1536012117749051 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 17 ◽

pp. 153601211774905 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Su Xu ◽

Wenjun Zhu ◽

Yamin Wan ◽

JiaBei Wang ◽

Xi Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hepatic Encephalopathy ◽

Magnetic Resonance ◽

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ◽

Proton Magnetic Resonance ◽

Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ◽

Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy ◽

Behavioral Changes ◽

Resonance Spectroscopy ◽

The Brain ◽

Insight Into

Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) is highly prevalent, observed in up to 80% of patients with liver dysfunction. Minimal hepatic encephalopathy is defined as hepatic encephalopathy with cognitive deficits and no grossly evident neurologic abnormalities. Clinical management may be delayed due to the lack of in vivo quantitative methods needed to reveal changes in brain neurobiochemical biomarkers. To gain insight into the development of alcoholic liver disease–induced neurological dysfunction (NDF), a mouse model of late-stage alcoholic liver fibrosis (LALF) was used to investigate changes in neurochemical levels in the thalamus and hippocampus that relate to behavioral changes. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the brain and behavioral testing were performed to determine neurochemical alterations and their relationships to behavioral changes in LALF. Glutamine levels were higher in both the thalamus and hippocampus of alcohol-treated mice than in controls. Thalamic levels of taurine and creatine were significantly diminished and strongly correlated with alcohol-induced behavioral changes. Chronic long-term alcohol consumption gives rise to advanced liver fibrosis, neurochemical changes in the nuclei, and behavioral changes which may be linked to NDF. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy represents a sensitive and noninvasive measurement of pathological alterations in the brain, which may provide insight into the pathogenesis underlying the development of MHE.

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Enhanced Hippocampus-Nidopallium Caudolaterale Connectivity during Route Formation in Goal-Directed Spatial Learning of Pigeons

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11072003 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 2003

Author(s):

Meng-Meng Li ◽

Jian-Tao Fan ◽

Shu-Guan Cheng ◽

Li-Fang Yang ◽

Long Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spatial Learning ◽

Spectral Power ◽

Brain Regions ◽

Brain Network ◽

Spatial Task ◽

Behavioral Changes ◽

Current Location ◽

Theta Frequency ◽

Hippocampal Theta ◽

Insight Into

Goal-directed spatial learning is crucial for the survival of animals, in which the formation of the route from the current location to the goal is one of the central problems. A distributed brain network comprising the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex has been shown to support such capacity, yet it is not fully understood how the most similar brain regions in birds, the hippocampus (Hp) and nidopallium caudolaterale (NCL), cooperate during route formation in goal-directed spatial learning. Hence, we examined neural activity in the Hp-NCL network of pigeons and explored the connectivity dynamics during route formation in a goal-directed spatial task. We found that behavioral changes in spatial learning during route formation are accompanied by modifications in neural patterns in the Hp-NCL network. Specifically, as pigeons learned to solve the task, the spectral power in both regions gradually decreased. Meanwhile, elevated hippocampal theta (5 to 12 Hz) connectivity and depressed connectivity in NCL were also observed. Lastly, the interregional functional connectivity was found to increase with learning, specifically in the theta frequency band during route formation. These results provide insight into the dynamics of the Hp-NCL network during spatial learning, serving to reveal the potential mechanism of avian spatial navigation.

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Early Emotional Care for Mothers and Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.102.se1.1278 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 102 (Supplement_E1) ◽

pp. 1278-1281

Author(s):

Nadia Bruschweiler Stern

Keyword(s):

Child Health ◽

Therapeutic Alliance ◽

Preterm Infants ◽

Health Professionals ◽

Clinical Management ◽

Behavioral Changes ◽

Holding Environment ◽

Mothers Of Preterm Infants ◽

The Creation ◽

Insight Into

The experiences of most child health professionals give them only partial insight into the complex emotional and behavioral changes brought on by maternity. This article describes an approach to clinical management and emotional care based on the principles of birth as an opportunity for reorganization and changes; the meeting of the mother's “real” and “imagined” infants; appreciation of the infant's strengths; and development of a therapeutic alliance with the mother. Central to this process is the creation of a safe holding environment for the mother, especially mothers of preterm infants.

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PERILAKU DANSOU PADA MEMBER FUDANJUKU NI DANSOU NO SEIKAKU

mezurashii ◽

10.30996/mezurashii.v1i1.3229 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Rachmah Anugerah Wati ◽

Novi Andari

Keyword(s):

Popular Culture ◽

Behavioral Changes ◽

Personality Psychology ◽

Modern Culture ◽

The People ◽

Long Run ◽

Two Factors ◽

Internal And External Factors ◽

Insight Into ◽

Made In

Abstrak: Budaya bagaikan sebuah keajaiban yang akan terus ada bersama dengan masyarakat. Di Jepang, budaya tradisional dan budaya modern berjalan beriringan. Salah satu fenomena budaya modern atau budaya populer di Jepang adalah Dansou. Dansou adalah istilah untuk perempuan yang mengenakan pakaian serta bertingkah laku seperti laki-laki. Saat ini fenomena tersebut sudah terlihat cukup lumrah di kalangan masyarakat. Apalagi ditambah dengan budaya populer yang terus mengikuti perkembangan jaman. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menambahkan wawasan mengenai dansou yang dilakukan oleh salah satu idol group bernama Fudanjuku. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif untuk menganalisis perubahan perilaku dan faktor yang melatar belakangi Fudanjuku untuk ber-dansou. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah dansou yang dilakukan oleh Fudanjuku. Sumber data adalah artikel berita baik tertulis maupun yang berbentuk video. Hasil penelitian ini adalah perubahan perilaku yang dilakukan oleh Fudanjuku merupakan perubahan yang disengaja guna untuk terus berada di dunia hiburan Jepang, dansou yang dilakukan oleh Fudanjuku merupakan terobosan terbaru dalam budaya populer yang ada di Jepang khususnya dalam bidang musik (idol group), dansou yang dilakukan dalam jangka waktu lama akan menimbulkan perubahan perilaku yang sedikit mencolok sehingga menyebabkan sisi maskulin pada perempuan akan bertambah. Kemudian faktor yang melatar belakangi Fudanjuku untuk ber-dansou disebabkan oleh faktor internal dan eksternal. Dimana kedua faktor tersebut dapat dibilang sama rata. Seperti faktor bakat, kepribadian, kebudayaan maupun sosial ekonomi.Kata kunci: budaya populer, psikologi kepribadian, dansou, idol group Abstract: Culture is like a miracle that will continue to exist with the community. In Japan, traditional culture and modern culture go hand in hand. One of the phenomena of modern culture or popular culture in Japan is Dansou. Dansou is a term for women who wear clothes and behave like men. At present this phenomenon is already quite common among the people. Moreover, coupled with popular culture that continues to follow the development of the era. This study aims to add insight into dansou conducted by one idol group named Fudanjuku. The research method used is descriptive qualitative to analyze changes in behavior and factors underlying Fudanjuku for dansou. The data used in this study are dansou conducted by Fudanjuku. Data sources are both written and video news articles. The results of this study are the behavioral changes made by Fudanjuku are intentional changes in order to continue to be in the Japanese entertainment world, dansou made by Fudanjuku is the latest breakthrough in popular culture in Japan, especially in the field of music (idol group), dansou made in the long run will lead to changes in behavior that are a bit striking, causing the masculine side in women will increase. Then the factors behind Fudanjuku's background for dansou are caused by internal and external factors. Where the two factors can be considered equally. Such as talent, personality, culture and socio-economic factors.Keywords: popular culture, personality psychology, dansou, idol group

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Calibration problems in hydrogen luminosities

Symposium - International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s0074180900053626 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 24 ◽

pp. 322-330

Author(s):

A. Beer

Keyword(s):

Galactic Structure ◽

B Stars ◽

Insight Into

The investigations which I should like to summarize in this paper concern recent photo-electric luminosity determinations of O and B stars. Their final aim has been the derivation of new stellar distances, and some insight into certain patterns of galactic structure.

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Stochasting modeling of planetary ring systems

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s025292110010154x ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 75 ◽

pp. 461-469 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Robert W. Hart

Keyword(s):

Maximum Entropy ◽

Ring System ◽

The Sun ◽

Ultimate State ◽

Interparticle Interactions ◽

Ring Systems ◽

First Order ◽

Planetary Ring ◽

Insight Into

ABSTRACTThis paper models maximum entropy configurations of idealized gravitational ring systems. Such configurations are of interest because systems generally evolve toward an ultimate state of maximum randomness. For simplicity, attention is confined to ultimate states for which interparticle interactions are no longer of first order importance. The planets, in their orbits about the sun, are one example of such a ring system. The extent to which the present approximation yields insight into ring systems such as Saturn's is explored briefly.

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Skeletal elements of crinoid echinoderms: High-resolution structural and microanalytical results

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100074768 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 41 ◽

pp. 194-195

Author(s):

D. F. Blake ◽

L. F. Allard ◽

D. R. Peacor

Keyword(s):

High Resolution ◽

Marine Invertebrates ◽

Sea Urchins ◽

Structural Features ◽

Sea Stars ◽

High Resolution Tem ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

Insight Into

Echinodermata is a phylum of marine invertebrates which has been extant since Cambrian time (c.a. 500 m.y. before the present). Modern examples of echinoderms include sea urchins, sea stars, and sea lilies (crinoids). The endoskeletons of echinoderms are composed of plates or ossicles (Fig. 1) which are with few exceptions, porous, single crystals of high-magnesian calcite. Despite their single crystal nature, fracture surfaces do not exhibit the near-perfect {10.4} cleavage characteristic of inorganic calcite. This paradoxical mix of biogenic and inorganic features has prompted much recent work on echinoderm skeletal crystallography. Furthermore, fossil echinoderm hard parts comprise a volumetrically significant portion of some marine limestones sequences. The ultrastructural and microchemical characterization of modern skeletal material should lend insight into: 1). The nature of the biogenic processes involved, for example, the relationship of Mg heterogeneity to morphological and structural features in modern echinoderm material, and 2). The nature of the diagenetic changes undergone by their ancient, fossilized counterparts. In this study, high resolution TEM (HRTEM), high voltage TEM (HVTEM), and STEM microanalysis are used to characterize tha ultrastructural and microchemical composition of skeletal elements of the modern crinoid Neocrinus blakei.

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