Genetic and environmental determinants of temperament: a comparative study based on Polish and German samples

2003 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Włodzimierz Oniszczenko ◽  
Bogdan Zawadzki ◽  
Jan Strelau ◽  
Rainer Riemann ◽  
Alois Angleitner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Environmental Determinants ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
German Sample ◽  
Dizygotic Twins ◽  
The Two Cultures ◽  
Temperament Traits ◽  
Variance Explained ◽  
Error Of Measurement

This study of 1555 adult mono‐ and dizygotic twins reared together estimates the heritability of temperament traits in a Polish and a German sample. We test whether the etiology of temperament traits differs between the two cultures and between different temperament traits. We assessed temperament traits with the Formal Characteristics of Behaviour–Temperament Inventory (FCB‐TI), the Pavlovian Temperament Survey (PTS), the Revised Dimensions of Temperament Survey (DOTS‐R), and the Emotionality–Activity–Sociability Temperament Survey (EAS‐TS). Taking error of measurement into account, genetic sources of variance explained about 50% of the variance of temperament traits. We found neither reliable cultural differences nor robust differences in the etiology of the traits. However, the four questionnaires differed systematically with respect to the proportion of genetic and environmental influences on their scales. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Different Cultures Different People

2017 ◽  
pp. 183-200
Author(s):  
Kornélia Lazányi ◽  
Peter Holicza ◽  
Kseniia Baimakova
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
21St Century ◽  
National Cultures ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
The Two Cultures ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Basic Approaches ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Tools And Methods

Culture is a scheme of knowledge shared by a relatively large number of people. Hence, it is a collection of explicit as well as implicit patterns of behaviour. It makes the members of the culture feel, think act and react in a certain, predefined way, hence makes their actions predictable. The literature on cultures, especially that of national cultures has focused on cultural differences and on understanding and measuring them for long decades, but in the 21st century the attention has shifted to leveraging benefits of multicultural environments and experiences. Hence, present paper—after providing a short insight into the basic approaches of national cultures—endeavours to analyse Russian and Hungarian culture. We aim to present the similarities and differences of the two cultures, along with tools and methods that are able to lessen these differences and harvest the benefits of them.

Ancient and Colonial Zapotec and Mixtec Calendars: A Revisionist View

1975 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 272-288
Author(s):  
Howard F. Cline ◽  
Mary W. Cline
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Incomplete Form ◽  
The Two Cultures

In 1966 José Alcina Franch published preliminary descriptions of a remarkable group of 29 Zapotec colonial calendars in the Archives of the Indies. As colonial material on Zapotec calendars has been nearly non-existent, this find is very important. Alcina Franch illustrated some folios and discussed the solar tropical year which Calendar 21 provides. He noted the provisional nature of his findings, and indicated that fuller publication would follow after further study. So far as the writer is aware this more definitive publication has not appeared.Using techniques and approaches he developed in the course of a long and detailed comparative study of ancient and colonial Mesoamerican chronologies and calendars now nearly completed, the writer will extract further information from the material partially published by Alcina Franch.3 His data, even in their incomplete form, can be made to yield several significant results under such analysis, especially when the Zapotec is related to what is known about Mixtec calendrics. In the early stages the two cultures were nearly undifferentiated, and in ancient and colonial days shared a common tonalpohualli.

Who Taught the Inca Stonemasons Their Skills? A Comparison of Tiahuanaco and Inca Cut-Stone Masonry

1997 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Protzen ◽  
Stella Nair
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Stone Masonry ◽  
Lake Titicaca ◽  
Spanish Conquest ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
Construction Techniques ◽  
The Two Cultures ◽  
Stone Cutting

At Tiahuanaco, on the southern rim of Lake Titicaca, Bolivia, visitors encounter enormous stone slabs and carved building blocks dressed with astonishing skill. The stones are the visible remains of a culture that flourished there about a thousand years ago. Some six hundred kilometers to the northwest, in Cuzco (Peru), one finds the different yet equally remarkable masonry of the Incas, who dominated the Andean world from the middle of the fifteenth century to the Spanish conquest in 1532. Did the Inca stonemasons learn their skills from their predecessors at Tiahuanaco? A comparative study of Inca and Tiahuanaco construction techniques reveals fundamental differences between the architecture of the two cultures. In this article, we compare masonry bonds, design details, stone-cutting techniques, and the methods of fitting, laying, and handling of stones used by both cultures. The results of this comparison suggest that the ingenuity of Inca masonry originated with the Incas, and not with their predecessors.

scholarly journals Human-Alien Encounters in Science Fiction: A Postcolonial Perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-203
Author(s):  
Borbála Bökös
Keyword(s):  
Science Fiction ◽  
Identity Formation ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
The Body ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
James Cameron ◽  
The Two Cultures ◽  
Science Fiction Films ◽  
Abel Ferrara ◽  
Shed Light

Abstract An (un)conventional encounter between humans and alien beings has long been one of the main thematic preoccupations of the genre of science fiction. Such stories would thus include typical invasion narratives, as in the case of the three science fiction films I will discuss in the present paper: the Invasion of the Body Snatchers (Don Siegel, 1956; Philip Kaufman, 1978; Abel Ferrara, 1993), The Host (Andrew Niccol, 2013), and Avatar (James Cameron, 2009). I will examine the films in relation to postcolonial theories, while attempting to look at the ways of revisiting one’s history and culture (both alien and human) in the films’ worlds that takes place in order to uncover and heal the violent effects of colonization. In my reading of the films I will shed light on the specific processes of identity formation (of an individual or a group), and the possibilities of individual and communal recuperation through memories, rites of passages, as well as hybridization. I will argue that the colonized human or alien body can serve either as a mediator between the two cultures, or as an agent which fundamentally distances two separate civilizations, thus irrevocably bringing about the loss of identity, as well as the lack of comprehension of cultural differences.

scholarly journals The Effects of Adult Ageing and Culture on the Tower of London Task

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise H. Phillips ◽  
Louisa Lawrie ◽  
Alexandre Schaefer ◽  
Cher Yi Tan ◽  
Min Hooi Yong
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Everyday Functioning ◽  
Tower Of London ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Planning Ability ◽  
Medium Education ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
The Two Cultures ◽  
Potential Interactions

Planning ability is important in everyday functioning, and a key measure to assess the preparation and execution of plans is the Tower of London (ToL) task. Previous studies indicate that older adults are often less accurate than the young on the ToL and that there may be cultural differences in performance on the task. However, potential interactions between age and culture have not previously been explored. In the current study we examined the effects of age on ToL performance in an Asian culture (Malaysia) and a Western culture (British) (n = 191). We also explored whether working memory, age, education, and socioeconomic status explained variance in ToL performance across these two cultures. Results indicated that age effects on ToL performance were greater in the Malaysian sample. Subsequent moderated mediation analysis revealed differences between the two cultures (British vs Malaysians), in that the age-related variance in ToL accuracy was accounted for by WM capacity at low and medium education levels only in the Malaysian sample. Demographic variables could not explain additional variance in ToL speed or accuracy. These results may reflect cultural differences in the familiarity and cognitive load of carrying out complex planning tasks.

Robin—My Gateway, Guide, Ears, and Voice in China

2020 ◽  
pp. 61-68
Author(s):  
Ruthellen Josselson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Cultural Difference ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Two Cultures

This chapter is an intense portrait of the Chinese interpreter with some reflections on the slipperiness of language between the two cultures. The close relationship that developed between the author and the interpreter also revealed more nuanced aspects of cultural difference that could be narrated from different perspectives. When the interpreter came to a conference in the United States, subtle cultural differences became apparent in what she viewed as unusual. From her perspective, Americans seemed uncurious about people from China. In Mandarin, there is no word for “the Other.” China is largely an ethnically homogenous society and Western approaches to diversity are hard to understand.

scholarly journals Grief Iconography between Italians and Americans: A Comparative Study on How Mourning Is Visually Expressed on Social Media

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Illene Noppe Cupit ◽  
Paolo Sapelli ◽  
Ines Testoni
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Strong Preference ◽  
Continuing Bonds ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Two Cultures ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
To Receive

As an innovative way to express grief, social media posts about the deceased have become fairly common. However, few studies have examined commonly posted grief photos. The purpose of the present study was to examine such pictures, as well as the motivations and reactions of those who posted them, among Italians and Americans. Surveys were sent to both Italian and US participants. The US group yielded 262 responses (mean age = 22 years; 81% female), and the Italian group yielded 51 (mean age = 32 years; 82% female). Several key issues emerged, such as the need for social media users to receive empathic support from other users, the desire to maintain continuing bonds, the wish to remember the deceased, and the desire to share beauty and symbolic pictures. The images were analyzed using content analysis. Both samples posted photos to remember, and to enhance their posts. A strong preference for pictures with a positive emotional connotation appeared, depicting the deceased in a conjoint appearance with the participant. The results suggest that the imagery used for the expression of grief in social media sites, an “iconography of grief”, is a popular means of expression for grievers across the two cultures.

scholarly journals Pragmatismus und Historismus

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Joas
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Human Experience ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Main Claim ◽  
American Pragmatism ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
The Two Cultures ◽  
Josiah Royce ◽  
Ernst Troeltsch

AbstractThis article explores the similarities between American pragmatism and (mostly German) historicism in the nineteenth century - similarities that were often ignored because of cultural differences between the U. S. and Germany and a different status of the natural sciences or the humanities in the two cultures. The main claim of this text is that American pragmatism developed ideas that allow us to overcome the dichotomy between objectivism and relativism in historiography. Joas identifies conceptual tools in the works of Josiah Royce, Mead, and Dewey that can account both for the intersubjective and the temporal nature of human experience and the processes of the formation of ideals. By bringing Ernst Troeltsch, the most sophisticated thinker from the historicist tradition, into the picture, Joas demonstrates that in the 1920s one could almost speak of the beginning of a process of convergence between Mead’s “temporalized pragmatism” and Troeltsch’s “existential historicism.” For contingent reasons this convergence never took place, but remains a challenge to which this paper responds.

scholarly journals Brazilians and Americans habits and perceptions analysis for the translation of coffee packages and labels

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. e24101219984
Author(s):  
Adriano Clayton da Silva ◽  
Luíz Guilherme Malaquias da Silva ◽  
Ádrian Rodrigues Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Semantic Field ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
The Two Cultures ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Country Brand ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
Consumption Habits

In this paper, we analyze the consumption habits and perceptions of Brazilians and Americans regarding the consumption, preparation and handling of the coffee product and its packaging, in order to better think about translating the packaging of coffee produced in southern Minas Gerais to the USA market. Through bibliographic research and other resources, information such as preparation, reasons for consumption, and place of consumption were compared between the two populations to understand if there were relevant cultural differences. The packaging of eight coffee brands, four from each country, was also compared in order to notice any differences and similarities between them. The results show that there are indeed differences between the two cultures, both in their habits and in their packaging. Some examples are the valorization of the semantic field of coffee in Brazilian packaging, and the preference for quick methods of brewing the product for the Americans. We conclude that any translation of Brazilian coffee for the American public must consider these differences. Finally, we present some possibilities for packaging translation, using for this the idea of country brand and its influences on consumers, as well as the concepts of Localization, Intersemiotic Translation and Paratranslation.

Cultural Differences in E-Commerce

2011 ◽  
pp. 19-26
Author(s):  
Qiu Bin ◽  
Shao Q. Sun
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Language Barriers ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Payment Systems ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
The Third ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
The Two Cultures ◽  
The U.S

This chapter discusses the importance of identifying cultural problems of the online globalization and points out that payment and logistic systems and language are the primary factors that every firm should take into account in the process of their online globalization. Next, the chapter identifies the characteristics and trends of the Internet and e-commerce in China. In the third part, the chapter differentiates e-commerce in the U.S. with China through analyzing Internet users’ behaviors especially their attitudes toward different payment systems in these two countries. Finally, it discusses how to remove language barriers to enhance net growth. In conclusion, this chapter will suggest some recommendations on how to expand business via the Internet by reducing the gap between the two cultures.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document