In Vivo antimalarial activity of aqueous extracts from Kenyan medicinal plants and their Chloroquine (CQ) potentiation effects against a blood-induced CQ-resistant rodent parasite in mice

Abstract Background: In traditional medicine, the floral diversity permits the inhabitants of North Cameroon to use a great number of plants to fight against Malaria. The aim of this study was to identify plants used in traditional medicine to treat malaria, and to verify the scientific basis for the use of one of these plants in the locality of Gamba.Methods: An Ethnopharmacological survey was carried out on 15 traditional healers. We collected data on use of medicinal plants using questionnaires. Then in-vivo antimalarial activity of the decoctioned and macerated aqueous extracts of khaya senegalensis trunk bark was evaluated. The 4-day suppressive peters test was realised on mus musculus swiss albino mice. On day one, mice were infected with 107 plasmodium berghei parasitized red blood cells through intra-peritoneal inoculation. 2 hours after infestation, mice in batches of 6 were treated orally at a dose of 75, 150.300 mg/Kg for macerated aqueous extract and 65, 120.260 mg/Kg for decoctioned extract daily during 3 days at an administration volume of 10 ml/Kg. An extract was considered (% reduction): Highly active (between 100-90 %); moderate (between 90-50 %); weak (between 50-10 %); Inactive (between 0 %). P-values <0.05 were considered statistically significant.Results: A total of 18 plant species belonging to 12 families were identified for the preparation of 12 recipes. The decocted aqueous extract of khaya senegalensis showed moderate anti-plasmodial activity (% reduction = 52.46%) at the highest dose of 260 mg/kg with p<0.001 compared to the positive control group. The aqueous macerate at doses of 150 and 300mg/kg gave respectively a percentage reduction of parasitaemia of 59.42% and 71.80% and also showed moderate anti-plasmodial activity; with p<0.001 between the different extracts and the positive control (99.18%).Conclusion: In conclusion, extracts of khaya senegalensis showed moderate anti-plasmodial activity. It would therefore be necessary to evaluate the anti-malarial activity in-vivo and the toxicity of the aqueous extracts macerated using other solvents and also test the other plants listed.

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Phytochemical screening and in vivo antimalarial activity of extracts from three medicinal plants used in malaria treatment in Nigeria

Parasitology Research ◽

10.1007/s00436-015-4747-x ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 115 (1) ◽

pp. 299-305 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

A. E. Bankole ◽

A. A. Adekunle ◽

A. A. Sowemimo ◽

C. E Umebese ◽

O Abiodun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Medicinal Plants ◽

Antimalarial Activity ◽

Malaria Treatment ◽

Phytochemical Screening

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Antiplasmodial and Cytotoxic Activities of Extracts of Selected Medicinal Plants Used to Treat Malaria in Embu County, Kenya

Journal of Parasitology Research ◽

10.1155/2020/8871375 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Bibianne Waiganjo ◽

Gervason Moriasi ◽

Jared Onyancha ◽

Nelson Elias ◽

Francis Muregi

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Medicinal Plants ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Antiplasmodial Activity ◽

Chloroquine Resistance ◽

Cytotoxic Activities ◽

Aqueous Extracts ◽

Methanolic Extracts

Malaria is a deadly disease caused by a protozoan parasite whose mode of transmission is through a female Anopheles mosquito. It affects persons of all ages; however, pregnant mothers, young children, and the elderly suffer the most due to their dwindled immune state. The currently prescribed antimalarial drugs have been associated with adverse side effects ranging from intolerance to toxicity. Furthermore, the costs associated with conventional approach of managing malaria are arguably high especially for persons living in low-income countries, hence the need for alternative and complementary approaches. Medicinal plants offer a viable alternative because of their few associated side effects, are arguably cheaper, and are easily accessible. Based on the fact that studies involving antimalarial medicinal plants as potential sources of efficacious and cost-effective pharmacotherapies are far between, this research was designed to investigate antiplasmodial and cytotoxic activities of organic and aqueous extracts of selected plants used by Embu traditional medicine practitioners to treat malaria. The studied plants included Erythrina abyssinica (stem bark), Schkuhria pinnata (whole plant), Sterculia africana (stem bark), Terminalia brownii (leaves), Zanthoxylum chalybeum (leaves), Leonotis mollissima (leaves), Carissa edulis (leaves), Tithonia diversifolia (leaves and flowers), and Senna didymobotrya (leaves and pods). In vitro antiplasmodial activity studies of organic and water extracts were carried out against chloroquine-sensitive (D6) and chloroquine-resistance (W2) strains of Plasmodium falciparum. In vivo antiplasmodial studies were done by Peter’s four-day suppression test to test for their in vivo antimalarial activity against P. berghei. Finally, cytotoxic effects and safety of the studied plant extracts were evaluated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) rapid calorimetric assay technique. The water and methanolic extracts of T. brownii and S. africana and dichloromethane extracts of E. abyssinica, S. pinnata, and T. diversifolia leaves revealed high in vitro antiplasmodial activities (IC50≤10 μg/ml). Further, moderate in vivo antimalarial activities were observed for water and methanolic extracts of L. mollissima and S. africana and for dichloromethane extracts of E. abyssinica and T. diversifolia leaves. In this study, aqueous extracts of T. brownii and S. africana demonstrated high antiplasmodial activity and high selectivity indices values (SI≥10) and were found to be safe. It was concluded that T. brownii and S. africana aqueous extracts were potent antiplasmodial agents. Further focused studies geared towards isolation of active constituents and determination of in vivo toxicities to ascertain their safety are warranted.

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Phytobiocidal management of bacterial wilt of tomato caused by Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi

Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.5424/sjar/2016143-9012 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. e1006 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Naseerud Din ◽

Musharaf Ahmad ◽

Muhammad Siddique ◽

Asad Ali ◽

Ishrat Naz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Medicinal Plants ◽

Bacterial Wilt ◽

Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽

Nerium Oleander ◽

Calotropis Procera ◽

Melia Azedarach ◽

Aqueous Extracts ◽

Tagetes Patula

Phytobiocides are a good alternative to chemicals in managing bacterial diseases including bacterial wilt of tomato caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. In the present research study, finely ground dried powders of seven widely available medicinal plants/weeds species viz., Peganum harmala (esfand or wild rue), Calotropis procera (sodom apple), Melia azedarach (white cedar), Allium sativum (garlic), Adhatoda vasica (malabar nut), Tagetes patula (marigold) and Nerium oleander (oleander) were assessed for their anti-microbial activity, both in-vitro (10% w/v) and in-vivo (10, 20, 30, and 40 g/kg of potted soil) against R. solanacearum. Aqueous extracts (prepared as 10% w/v, soaking for 48-72 h and filtering) of C. procera, A. vasica, and T. patula inhibited the in-vitro growth of the bacterial pathogen over 60% of that produced by the standard antibiotic streptomycin. A. sativum, N. oleander and P. harmala aqueous extracts were less effective while M. azedarach showed no effect against R. solanacearum. The higher dose (40 g/kg of soil) of C. procera, A. vasica and T. patula decreased disease severity quite effectively and increased yield and plant growth characters as much as the standard antibiotic did. No phytotoxicity of medicinal plants powder was observed on tomato plants. Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and terpenoids were detected in the aqueous extracts of T. patula and A. vasica whereas C. procera was found to have only alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and saponins. Our data suggest that dried powders of T. patula, C. procera and A. vasica (40 g/kg of soil) could be used as an effective component in the integrated disease management programs against bacterial wilt of tomato.

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Phytochemical Screening and In Vivo Antimalarial Activity of Two Traditionally Used Medicinal Plants of Afar Region, Ethiopia, against Plasmodium berghei in Swiss Albino Mice

Journal of Parasitology Research ◽

10.1155/2019/4519298 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Sibhatu Gebrehiwot ◽

Mohammed Shumbahri ◽

Amelework Eyado ◽

Tilahun Yohannes

Keyword(s):

Medicinal Plants ◽

Plant Extracts ◽

Antimalarial Activity ◽

Lethal Dose ◽

Negative Control ◽

Phytochemical Screening ◽

Salvadora Persica ◽

Swiss Albino Mice ◽

Albino Mice

The objective of the present study was to investigate phytochemical components, antiplasmodial activity (in vivo) and evaluate the toxicity of two local medicinal plants, namely, Salvadora persica L. and Balanites rotundifolia (Van Tiegh.) used in Afar ethnomedicine for the treatment of malaria. In this study, phytochemical screening has been done using standard methods and the existence of antiplasmodial compounds was detected in these plant extracts. Four-day Peter’s test was used to determine parasite inhibition, PCV was determined by Wintrob’s method, and effects against loss of body weight and improvements on survival time were determined. LD50s of the crude extracts have been also done. Acute toxicity studies of the extracts were carried out in Swiss albino mice prior to antimalarial activity test. All extracts revealed no obvious acute toxicities on mice up to the highest (5000mg/kg) dose given. The crude extract was estimated to have oral median lethal dose higher than 5,000 mg/kg. With the 4-day suppressive test, both plant extracts demonstrated dose-dependent significant reduction in parasitemia level at all test doses compared to the negative control: in the extract of B. rotundifolia 500 mg/kg extract (60.59±3.25%), 350 mg/kg extract (48.1±1.4), and 200 mg/kg extract (41.33±1.1%) were found. And in case of S. Persica 500 mg/kg extract (50.6±4.01%), 350 mg/kg extract (35.85±0.89), and 200 mg/kg extract (27.69±1.14%) were found. The results of this study provide support for the traditional therapeutic value and the reported antimalarial activity.

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Phytochemical screening and in vivo antipyretic activity of the aqueous extracts of three Moroccan medicinal plants

Pharmaceutical and Biological Evaluations ◽

10.26510/2394-0859.pbe.2017.30 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 188 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ghizlane Hajjaj ◽

Aziz Bahlouli ◽

Karima Sayah ◽

Mouna Tajani ◽

Yahia Cherrah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Medicinal Plants ◽

Negative Control Group ◽

Negative Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Aqueous Extracts ◽

Phytochemical Screening ◽

Standard Drug ◽

Antipyretic Effect ◽

Antipyretic Activity

Objective: In this study, the antipyretic effect of different extracts obtained from Matricaria chamomilla L. (MC), Ormenis mixta L. (OM) and Pistacia atlantica DESF. (PA) was investigated experimentally in rats.Methods: Antipyretic activity of aqueous extracts was evaluated by yeast induced pyrexia method. The antipyretic effect was retained in all extracts tested and was comparable to that of paracetamol used as the standard drug negative control group (distilled water). The extracts were also phytochemically screened for alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, quinones and anthraquinones.Results: Treatment with aqueous extracts at dose of 400 mg/kg showed a significant (p≤0.05) reaction of pyrexia in rodents. The results suggest that this Moroccan medicinal plants possesses potent antipyretic activity. Phytochemical screening of the plants showed the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids and quinons which may responsible for this activity. However, anthraquinones were absent in all plants and alkaloids from PA.Conclusions: This study might be the first formal report on antipyretic effects of these three plants in Morocco.

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In vivo Antimalarial Activities of Five Ugandan Medicinal Plants on Plasmodium berghei in Mice

European Journal of Medicinal Plants ◽

10.9734/ejmp/2020/v31i1230300 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

Clement Olusoji Ajayi ◽

Anthony Adebolu Elujoba ◽

Hedmon Okella ◽

Joseph Oloro ◽

Atwine Raymond ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Medicinal Plants ◽

Drug Development ◽

Plasmodium Berghei ◽

Antimalarial Activity ◽

Negative Control ◽

Laboratory Report ◽

Experimental Laboratory ◽

Dose Dependent ◽

Positive Controls

Aim: Medicinal plants have played an important role in the treatment of different ailments including malaria in developing countries particularly in Africa. This study has evaluated the antimalarial activities of Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae), Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. (Poaceae), Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae), Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl) A. Grey (Asteraceae) and Vernonia amygdalina Del. (Asteraceae) which are commonly-used for malaria treatment in Uganda. Study Design: This is an experimental laboratory report on antimalarial activities of some Ugandan medicinal plants for subsequent profiling in an herbal pharmacopoeia and eventual drug development. Place and Duration of Study: The Animal Research Facility and the Clinical and Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Uganda, between July 2019 and March 2020. Methodology: The antimalarial activity of the hot infusion of each leaf was evaluated on chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected mice using 4-day test at 100 – 400 mg/kg with chloroquine (10 mg/kg) and artemether-lumefantrine (4 mg/kg) as positive controls; and distilled water as negative control. The observed haematological responses of the animals were determined with an automated haematometer. Results: The results showed dose-dependent activities in the animals treated with the extract of each plant leaf in varying degrees. Thus, V. amygdalina and T. diversifolia showed the highest antimalarial activities with the chemosuppression values of 75% and 66% at 400 mg/kg, respectively. The results of V. amygdalina, T. diversifolia and M. oleifera, extracts gave the lowest ED50 of 141, 195 and 231 mg/kg, respectively being significantly different from A. indica (ED50 319 mg/kg) and C. citratus (ED50 346 mg/kg) with V. amygdalina as the most potent extract among the five plant leaves. Conclusion: The observed activities of the five plants have therefore supported their folkloric uses as antimalarial remedies by the Ugandan traditional medicine practitioners with obvious potentials for drug development.

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Efektivitas Kombinasi Ekstrak Etanol Daun Bunga Matahari dan Tanaman Anting-Anting sebagai Antimalaria Secara In Vivo

Jurnal Farmasi Galenika (Galenika Journal of Pharmacy) ◽

10.22487/j24428744.2019.v5.i1.11860 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 12-19 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Khoirul Ngibad

Keyword(s):

Medicinal Plants ◽

Human Body ◽

Antimalarial Activity ◽

Combination Index ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Probit Analysis ◽

Activity Test ◽

Acalypha Indica

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and anting-anting (Acalypha indica Linn), can be studied as efficacious malaria medicinal plants for preventing the development of malaria plasmodium resistance. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the combination of 80% ethanol extract of sunflower leaves and anting-anting as antimalarials. This study included extraction of sunflower leaves and anting-anting plant separately using the maceration method for 24 hours with 80% ethanol. Stirring is aided by a 3 hour shaker and then the obtained extracts were mixed and tested in vivo antimalarial activity against mice test animals. Data of the parasitemia degree was analyzed for the determination of Effective Dose (ED50) using probit analysis then determination of Combination Index (CI) value. The results of the antimalarial activity test on tested mice were ED50 of 1.23 mg/kg human body with a Combination Index (CI) of 0.46 (CI <1) which means synergistic potency.

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STUDI FITOKIMIA IRVINGIA MALAYANA SEBAGAI ANTIMALARIA DARI HUTAN MERU BETIRI DALAM RANGKA DRUG DISCOVERY

Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi Farmasyifa ◽

10.29313/jiff.v1i2.3340 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 104-118

Author(s):

Ayik Rosita Puspaningtyas

Keyword(s):

Drug Discovery ◽

Medicinal Plants ◽

Antimalarial Activity ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Phytochemical Study ◽

H Nmr ◽

Excellent Activity ◽

Weak Activity

Meru Betiri forest in Jember contains a lot of medicinal plants. Irvingia malayana (Pauh Kijang), which is one of the medicinal plants found, has been proven as an antimalarial. However, phytochemical and antimalarial studies of Irvingia malayana have never been carried out. This study was conducted for an antimalarial Drug Discovery through phytochemical study by isolating the roots, stems, and leaves of Irvingia malayana. From the analysis using FTIR, H-NMR, and GC-MS, it was concluded that the compound in the ethyl acetate extract of Irvingia malayana stem was terpenoids that was included in silymarin group as well as other plants in the genus Irvingia. The melting point of Irvingia malayana isolate was 120-121oC with white crystals. Statistical result of in vivo study showed that each group was significantly different. On day 4 after administration, IC50 showed was 11,827 mg/kgBW and day 3 was 6,927 mg/kgBW. Therefore, 3 days is the maximum duration of administration in reducing plasmodium and shows the most excellent activity as antimalarial. In in vitro study, IC50 of Irvingia malayana (62.855 ug/ml) has weak activity of antiplasmodium compared to chloroquine positive controls containing IC50 (1,114x10-3 ug/ml). Based on the data of in vivo and in vitro antimalarial activities, the compound had no antimalarial activity because the extract consisted of many components that possessed many possible synergetic mechanisms of antimalarial if compared to single compound.Keywords:

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