Synthesis of a Novel Water‐Soluble Graft Copolymer for Mineral Ore Beneficiation and for River Water Treatment towards Drinking Water Augmentation

Inductively coupled plasma system was used in drinking water treatment system to kill the microorganisms in water such as total coliforms (TC), fecal coliforms (FC) and other coliforms (OC) from river water. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of flowrate on removal efficiency (RE), death rate, and death yield and energy consumption of bacteria's. The frequency of the system was set at 4.6 MHz. The results show that the removal efficiencies and death rate of TC, FC and OC decreased with increasing flowrate. Compared to FC, the first-order reactions of TC and OC were lower in the following order: FC > OC > TC. The death yield of TC and OC significantly increased when the removal efficiency increased. The electromagnetic flux varied from 19.44 to 20.55 W/cm2 and the energy consumption was 0.26, 0.32, and 0.67 with flow rate at 20, 10 and 5 mL/minute, respectively. These results are very necessary to improve drinking water treatment.

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PENINGKATAN KUALITAS AIR BAKU DENGAN PROSES BIOFILTER TERCELUP MENGGUNAKAN MEDIA STRUKTUR SARANG TAWON

Jurnal Air Indonesia ◽

10.29122/jai.v7i1.2391 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Nusa Idaman Said ◽

Arie Herlambang

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Organic Matter ◽

Water Treatment ◽

River Water ◽

Residence Time ◽

Drinking Water Treatment ◽

Organic Substances ◽

Raw Water ◽

Treatment Unit ◽

High Organic Matter

Contamination of rivers has reached an alarming level, especially in the rivers passing through major cities, agricultural areas and industrial areas. Among the contaminants that often appear dominant and very disturbing is the organic substance. The existence of high organic matter within the river water is often expressed in permanganate number that has passed the quality standard. River that contain high organic matter usually the water smell and the color is black, besides it can also cause disturbances in the water treatment process, which is an increasing use of coagulants, chlorine, activated carbon, and the emergence of substances that are not desired, and the quality of treatment results are unsatisfactory. Many ways to reduce the organic matter in river water, one of them is by using the biofilter honeycomb structure. The target of the reduction of organic substances is that the river water could be used as a raw drinking water quality standards or meet the category B, Regulation of Jakarta Governor Number 582, 1995. Raw water used for this study were taken from Krukut River which is the raw water for Regional Water Company PALYJA, Production Installation III Cilandak, South Jakarta and Cengkareng Drain river water, which is currently used as a source of raw water for PAM Taman Kota, West Jakarta using a biofilter reactor aerobic system, the capacity of 50 - 200 m3, Capasity of Blowers 300 l /min, Residence Time 6 hours up to 1 hour. Test results on the residence time of 1 hour, parameters pH, TSS, turbidity, organic substances, detergents, manganese, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, can meet the standard, except for iron which still exceeds the standard. To improve the removal efficiency of organic matter and iron, at the beginning of processing before entering into the drinking water treatment unit need to be added powder active carbon and an oxidizing agent with a sufficient dose. Keywords: Organic substances, biofilter, aerobic, honeycomb plastic media.

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Log DOW: Key to Understanding and Regulating Wastewater-Derived Contaminants

Environmental Chemistry ◽

10.1071/en06045 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 3 (6) ◽

pp. 439 ◽

Cited By ~ 69

Author(s):

Martha J. M. Wells

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Water Treatment ◽

Surface Water ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Drinking Water Treatment ◽

The United States ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Water And Wastewater Treatment ◽

Ph Dependent

Environmental Context. Worldwide, surface water is a source of drinking water and is a recipient of wastewater effluents and pollutants. Many surface water bodies undergo a natural, cyclical, diurnal variation in pH between 7 and 9. Most drinking water and wastewater treatment in the United States is conducted between pH 7 and 8. The pH of water undergoing treatment processes directly impacts the ratio of nonionized to ionized chemical form(s) present, which in turn impacts the success rate of contaminant removal. Many organic wastewater-derived contaminants are very water soluble at pH 7–8 and are inadequately treated. Abstract. Wastewater-derived contaminants (WWDCs) occur in surface water due to inadequate wastewater treatment and subsequently challenge the capabilities of drinking water treatment. Fundamental chemical properties must be understood to reduce the occurrence of known WWDCs and to better anticipate future chemical contaminants of concern to water supplies. To date, examination of the fundamental properties of WWDCs in surface water appears to be completely lacking or inappropriately applied. In this research, the hydrophobicity–ionogenicity profiles of WWDCs reported to occur in surface water were investigated, concentrating primarily on pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), steroids, and hormones. Because most water treatment is conducted between pH 7 and 8 and because DOW, the pH-dependent n-octanol–water distribution ratio embodies simultaneously the concepts of hydrophobicity and ionogenicity, DOW at pH 7–8 is presented as an appropriate physicochemical parameter for understanding and regulating water treatment. Although the pH-dependent chemical character of hydrophobicity is not new science, this concept is insufficiently appreciated by scientists, engineers, and practitioners currently engaged in chemical assessment. The extremely hydrophilic character of many WWDCs at pH 7–8, indicated by DOW (the combination of KOW and pKa) not by KOW of the neutral chemical, is proposed as an indicator of occurrence in surface water.

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Evaluation of a small scale water disinfection system using WFMF

10.51415/10321/2543 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Dorcas Enaji Alfa

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Treatment ◽

River Water ◽

Water Sources ◽

Woven Fabric ◽

Residual Chlorine ◽

E Coli ◽

Quality Of Water ◽

Rural Water

Provision of microbiologically safe drinking water for people living in the rural areas of developing countries remains a major challenge to date. One of the reasons is due to the inability to access potable water mainly because of poor existing water purification systems. Current measures have been put in place to address the challenges of rural water supply. Development of appropriate technologies such as decentralized water treatment supply in the form of point of use (POU) systems are been considered. In lieu of the above, an appropriate POU system known as the Remote Rural Water Treatment System (RRWTS) was developed at Durban University of Technology (DUT). The RRWTS is polyester based locally sourced Woven Fabric Microfiltration (WFMF) membrane system. The unit is made up of flat sheet modules that are assembled into a pack. It is a robust gravity driven system with the ability to remove suspended solids and colloids in the form of turbidity. The system has high flux of 35 ± 7 LMH and turbidity below 1 NTU, it has the ability to remove pathogens well above 95%. However, this does not comply with WHO and SANS drinking water standards of zero E. coli count/100 ml of treated water. In order to bring the water treated by RRWTS to a satisfactory level for drinking, it is then necessary to add a separate disinfection step like chlorination step to further remove the remaining microbial contaminants. Thus the main objective of the study was to evaluate the disinfection efficacy of two disinfectants namely waterguard and bromochlor tablet disinfectants and investigate their integration with the WFMF membrane. The study was categorised into three parts. The first part is the addition of disinfectants to unfiltered river water sources for the determination of residual chlorine and the most optimum dose that will yield effective disinfection and also evaluate the extent of E. coli removal by the disinfectants. The second stage was the filtration of four river water sources using the woven fibre membrane (WFM) to determine the efficiency of WFMF. Finally the effect of disinfection kinetics on disinfection was achieved by agitating the water after disinfection and allowing it to stand at different contact times. Performance of the RRWTS was determined by the amount of E. coli and turbidity removed during filtration using WFMF and by chemical disinfectants after filtration. The results on residual chlorine for different water sources showed that feed quality and disinfectant dose determines the quantity of residual chlorine on all the water sources. The effectiveness of chemical disinfectants in E. coli removal is affected by the quality of water to be disinfected. The study showed that turbidity plays a major role on disinfection by increasing chlorine demand on water sources with high turbidity levels. The WFMF demonstrated excellent filtration performance by producing permeates with turbidity less than 1 NTU for feed turbidities ranging from 10 to 200 NTU. The E. coli removal efficiency by WFMF was very high on all the water sources treated. There was 95-99.8% E. coli removal on raw feeds with influent E. coli ranging between 500 and 44500 CFU/100 ml. It was seen that major benefits are derived from integrating the WFMF (RRWTS) with chemical disinfection. The benefits includes; better disinfection that meets drinking water set guidelines of zero E. coli and improved quality of water. The need for disinfection kinetics in order to obtain superior disinfection was eliminated. The possibility of disinfection-by-product formation was reduced as smaller quantities of chemical disinfectants were required for complete disinfection on the filtered water.

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Fate of human enteric viruses, coliphages, and Clostridium perfringens during drinking-water treatment

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m91-023 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 37 (2) ◽

pp. 154-157 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Pierre Payment

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Treatment ◽

River Water ◽

Clostridium Perfringens ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Enteric Viruses ◽

Drinking Water Treatment ◽

Most Probable Number ◽

Probable Number ◽

Human Enteric Viruses

The elimination of human enteric viruses, coliphages, and Clostridium perfringens was studied during a conventional complete drinking-water treatment process. The respective concentrations (geometric mean) of these microorganisms in 100-L samples of river water were, respectively, as follows: viruses, 79 mpniu (most probable number of infectious units) per 100 L, coliphages, 6565 pfu (plaque-forming units) per 100 L, and clostridia, 11 349 cfu (colony-forming units) per 100 L. After pre-disinfection, flocculation with alum, and settling, human enteric viruses were not detected in any of the 100-L samples (<4 mpniu/100 L), but coliphages were detected in 7 of 14 samples and clostridia in 15 of 16 samples. In filtered water samples, human enteric viruses were detected in 2 of 31 samples, coliphages in 10 of 33, and clostridia in 17 of 33. Finished water was free of human enteric viruses (0/162 samples), but coliphages were detected in one sample (1.5 pfu/100 L) and clostridia in three, at 1.0, 4.1, and 7.0 cfu/100 L. It thus appears that coliphages and clostridia, which are present in larger numbers than viruses in river water and which may have similar resistance to drinking-water treatments, may be useful for estimating the level of treatment attained when large volumes of water (1000 L or greater) are sampled. Key words: drinking water, removal, bacterial viruses, coliphages, Clostridium, enteric viruses.

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Ceramic membranes for direct river water treatment applying coagulation and microfiltration

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2006.906 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 89-98 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

A. Loi-Brügger ◽

S. Panglisch ◽

P. Buchta ◽

K. Hattori ◽

H. Yonekawa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Treatment ◽

Pilot Study ◽

River Water ◽

Membrane Filtration ◽

Ceramic Membrane ◽

Drinking Water Treatment ◽

Ceramic Membranes ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Optimum Operating

A new ceramic membrane has been designed by NGK Insulators Ltd., Japan, to compete in the drinking water treatment market. The IWW Water Centre, Germany, investigated the operational performance and economical feasibility of this ceramic membrane in a one year pilot study of direct river water treatment with the hybrid process of coagulation and microfiltration. The aim of this study was to investigate flux, recovery, and DOC retention performance and to determine optimum operating conditions of NGK's ceramic membrane filtration system with special regards to economical aspects. Temporarily, the performance of the ceramic membrane was challenged under adverse conditions. During pilot plant operation river water with turbidities between 3 and 100 FNU was treated. Membrane flux was increased stepwise from 80–300 l/m2h resulting in recoveries between 95.9 and 98.9%. A DOC removal between about 20–35% was achieved. The pilot study and the subsequent economical evaluation showed the potential to provide a reliable and cost competitive process option for water treatment. The robustness of the ceramic membrane filtration process makes it attractive for a broad range of water treatment applications and, due to low maintenance requirements, also suitable for drinking water treatment in developing countries.

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SISTEM PENGOLAHAN AIR MINUM SEDERHANA (PORTABLE WATER TREATMENT)

Konversi ◽

10.31213/k.v6i1.16 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 27

Author(s):

Isna Syauqiah ◽

Noerhadi Wiyono ◽

Arief Faturrahman

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Treatment ◽

River Water ◽

Quality Standard ◽

Clean Water ◽

Optimum Time ◽

Column Adsorption ◽

Water Conditions ◽

Optimum Volume

Abstrak- Air merupakan kebutuhan yang paling utama bagi makhluk hidup. Belakangan ini timbul masalah yang sangat krusial yaitu sulit untuk mendapatkan air bersih dan layak untuk dikonsumsi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu mengetahui keefektifan alat dalam mengolah air sungai menjadi air minum dan mengetahui waktu optimum dalam pengolahan air. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan beberapa tahap. Pertama yaitu perancangan portable water treatment itu sendiri yaitu dengan membuat kolom-kolom aerasi, kolom filtrasi, kolom adsorpsi, dan kolom desinfeksi yang mana alat-alat tersebut dibuat bongkar pasang. Kedua, yaitu pengoptimasian alat-alat yang bertujuan untuk menentukan waktu dan volume optimum masing-masing alat. Sehingga akan didapatkan waktu dan volume optimum untuk alat secara keseluruhan. Ketiga, hasil analisa air sungai Martapura. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian didapat bahwa desain alat ini kurang efektif dengan kondisi kualitas sungai air Martapura untuk diolah menjadi air minum yang biasa dikonsumsi oleh masyarakat sekitar karena kualitas air minum yang dihasilkan belum mencapai standar baku mutu air minum yang ditetapkan. Waktu optimum untuk alat ini adalah 135 s dengan lama desinfeksi selama 2 menit dan volume optimum air masuk adalah sebesar 2 L Kata kunci: aerasi, filtrasi, desinfeksi Abstract- Water is the most important thing for living. Lately it is difficult to get clean water and suitable for consumption. This research aims to knowing the tool effectiveness in processing river water into drinking water and knowing the optimum time in water treatment. This research was conducted in several stages. First is the design of portable water treatment itself is by making the columns of aeration, filtration column, adsorption column, and columns where the desinfection equipment are separated. Second, the optimizing tools that aim to determine the optimum time and volume of each instrument. So it will be obtained the optimum time and volume for whole instrument. Third, the analysis results of Martapura river. Based on research results obtained that the design of this tool is less effective with the quality of Martapura river water conditions to be processed into drinking water that is usually consumed by people around because the quality of drinking water that produced has not reached the standard of specified drinking water quality standard. Optimum time for this tool is 135 s with a desinfection time for 2 minutes and the optimum volume of entering water amounts to 2 L Keywords: aeration, filtration, desinfection

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BEHAVIOUR OF OZONATION BY-PRODUCTS DURING ADVANCED DRINKING WATER TREATMENT WITH PEARL RIVER WATER

Environmental Engineering and Management Journal ◽

10.30638/eemj.2018.103 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 17 (5) ◽

pp. 1035-1041

Author(s):

Yue Wu ◽

Chun-De Wu ◽

Zhi-Lin Zhang ◽

Fauzia Naluswata ◽

Bo-Jie Yuan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Treatment ◽

River Water ◽

Drinking Water Treatment ◽

Pearl River ◽

By Products ◽

Advanced Drinking Water Treatment

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Two Year Survey of Indicator Bacteria and Enteroviruses during the Preparation of Drinking Water from Three Water Treatment Plants in Paris Suburbs

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1986.0117 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 18 (10) ◽

pp. 107-107 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

J. C. Joret ◽

T. Dupin ◽

A. Hassen ◽

F. Agbalika ◽

P. Hartemann

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Treatment ◽

River Water ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Drinking Water Treatment ◽

Indicator Bacteria ◽

Fecal Coliforms ◽

Virus Removal ◽

Coxsackievirus B4 ◽

Water Treatment Plants

Three conventional drinking water treatment plants were sampled monthly during a two year period for the removal of indicator bacteria and enteroviruses. Most 20 ℓ samples of raw river water were positive for viruses (principally Coxsackievirus B4 and B6, and echoviruses) with average virus concentrations varying from 0-3.5 PFU/ℓ for the less polluted river water (103-104 fecal coliforms/100 mℓ) to 0.1-20 PFU/ℓ for the highly polluted source (104-105 fecal coliforms/100 mℓ). In spite of these high levels of bacterial contamination, no viruses were detected from the 72 samples of 1 000 ℓ finished water. These results are discussed in regard to the virus removal efficiency of each treatment step previously evaluated by both pilot plant and full-scale water treatment plant studies. The mean virus removal was found to be 0-85% for storage (3 day period) of river water, 64-98% for preozonation (0.8 mg/ℓ/2-3 minutes), 31-90% for clarification by coagulation, flocculation and decantation, and 77-99% for sand filtration (5m/h). Total coliform counts were found to be good indicators of treatment for the presence of viruses in postozonated (1.5 mg/ℓ/10 min) water.

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