scholarly journals Evaluation of a small scale water disinfection system using WFMF

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Dorcas Enaji Alfa
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
River Water ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Woven Fabric ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Rural Water

Provision of microbiologically safe drinking water for people living in the rural areas of developing countries remains a major challenge to date. One of the reasons is due to the inability to access potable water mainly because of poor existing water purification systems. Current measures have been put in place to address the challenges of rural water supply. Development of appropriate technologies such as decentralized water treatment supply in the form of point of use (POU) systems are been considered. In lieu of the above, an appropriate POU system known as the Remote Rural Water Treatment System (RRWTS) was developed at Durban University of Technology (DUT). The RRWTS is polyester based locally sourced Woven Fabric Microfiltration (WFMF) membrane system. The unit is made up of flat sheet modules that are assembled into a pack. It is a robust gravity driven system with the ability to remove suspended solids and colloids in the form of turbidity. The system has high flux of 35 ± 7 LMH and turbidity below 1 NTU, it has the ability to remove pathogens well above 95%. However, this does not comply with WHO and SANS drinking water standards of zero E. coli count/100 ml of treated water. In order to bring the water treated by RRWTS to a satisfactory level for drinking, it is then necessary to add a separate disinfection step like chlorination step to further remove the remaining microbial contaminants. Thus the main objective of the study was to evaluate the disinfection efficacy of two disinfectants namely waterguard and bromochlor tablet disinfectants and investigate their integration with the WFMF membrane. The study was categorised into three parts. The first part is the addition of disinfectants to unfiltered river water sources for the determination of residual chlorine and the most optimum dose that will yield effective disinfection and also evaluate the extent of E. coli removal by the disinfectants. The second stage was the filtration of four river water sources using the woven fibre membrane (WFM) to determine the efficiency of WFMF. Finally the effect of disinfection kinetics on disinfection was achieved by agitating the water after disinfection and allowing it to stand at different contact times. Performance of the RRWTS was determined by the amount of E. coli and turbidity removed during filtration using WFMF and by chemical disinfectants after filtration. The results on residual chlorine for different water sources showed that feed quality and disinfectant dose determines the quantity of residual chlorine on all the water sources. The effectiveness of chemical disinfectants in E. coli removal is affected by the quality of water to be disinfected. The study showed that turbidity plays a major role on disinfection by increasing chlorine demand on water sources with high turbidity levels. The WFMF demonstrated excellent filtration performance by producing permeates with turbidity less than 1 NTU for feed turbidities ranging from 10 to 200 NTU. The E. coli removal efficiency by WFMF was very high on all the water sources treated. There was 95-99.8% E. coli removal on raw feeds with influent E. coli ranging between 500 and 44500 CFU/100 ml. It was seen that major benefits are derived from integrating the WFMF (RRWTS) with chemical disinfection. The benefits includes; better disinfection that meets drinking water set guidelines of zero E. coli and improved quality of water. The need for disinfection kinetics in order to obtain superior disinfection was eliminated. The possibility of disinfection-by-product formation was reduced as smaller quantities of chemical disinfectants were required for complete disinfection on the filtered water.

scholarly journals Quality of water sources used as drinking water in a Brazilian peri-urban area

2011 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 560-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Tereza Pepe Razzolini ◽  
Wanda Maria Risso Günther ◽  
Francisca Alzira dos Santos Peternella ◽  
Solange Martone-Rocha ◽  
Veridiana Karmann Bastos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Quality Of Water

Contamination of drinking water between source and point-of-use in rural households of South Africa and Zimbabwe: implications for monitoring the Millennium Development Goal for water

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen W. Gundry ◽  
James A. Wright ◽  
Ronan Conroy ◽  
Martella Du Preez ◽  
Bettina Genthe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Millennium Development Goal ◽  
Significant Deterioration ◽  
Development Goal ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Safe Water ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Quality Of Water

Aims: To assess contamination of drinking water in rural Zimbabwe and South Africa Methods: We conducted a cohort study of 254 children aged 12-24 months in rural South Africa and Zimbabwe. In dry and wet seasons, we measured water quality, using the indicator organism E. coli, at improved and unimproved sources, in household storage and drinking cups. We also recorded hygiene and socio-economic factors for each household. Results: For improved sources, samples with E. coli counts less than 10 cfu/100ml were as follows: at source: 165 (88%); in household storage 137 (59%); in drinking cups 91 (49%). The corresponding values for unimproved sources were: source 47 (29%); household storage 32 (19%); drinking cups 21 (18%). This significant deterioration in microbial quality of water from improved sources was seen in both countries and both survey rounds. Conclusion: Although improved sources generally delivered ‘safe’ water at the point-of-supply, 12% of source samples were contaminated and as such were ‘unsafe’. Furthermore, in household storage, more than 40% of samples were ‘unsafe’. For monitoring the Millennium Development Goal for water, UNICEF-WHO are assuming an equivalence between ‘improved’ sources and ‘safe’ water. Our findings suggest that this equivalence may be unsound.

scholarly journals After the flood: an evaluation of in-home drinking water treatment with combined flocculent-disinfectant following Tropical Storm Jeanne — Gonaives, Haiti, 2004

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romulo E. Colindres ◽  
Seema Jain ◽  
Anna Bowen ◽  
Eric Mintz ◽  
Polyana Domond
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Tropical Storm ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Untreated Water ◽  
Local Leaders

Tropical Storm Jeanne struck Haiti in September 2004, causing widespread flooding which contaminated water sources, displaced thousands of families and killed approximately 2,800 people. Local leaders distributed PūR®, a flocculent-disinfectant product for household water treatment, to affected populations. We evaluated knowledge, attitudes, practices, and drinking water quality among a sample of PūR® recipients. We interviewed representatives of 100 households in three rural communities who received PūR® and PūR®-related education. Water sources were tested for fecal contamination and turbidity; stored household water was tested for residual chlorine. All households relied on untreated water sources (springs [66%], wells [15%], community taps [13%], and rivers [6%]). After distribution, PūR® was the most common in-home treatment method (58%) followed by chlorination (30%), plant-based flocculation (6%), boiling (5%), and filtration (1%). Seventy-eight percent of respondents correctly answered five questions about how to use PūR®; 81% reported PūR® easy to use; and 97% reported that PūR®-treated water appears, tastes, and smells better than untreated water. Although water sources tested appeared clear, fecal coliform bacteria were detected in all sources (range 1 – >200 cfu/100 ml). Chlorine was present in 10 (45%) of 22 stored drinking water samples in households using PūR®. PūR® was well-accepted and properly used in remote communities where local leaders helped with distribution and education. This highly effective water purification method can help protect disaster-affected communities from waterborne disease.

A concept for an integrative consideration of the drinking water and wastewater/sewage management

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-341
Author(s):  
Gerhard Bjørnsen ◽  
Rolf Gimbel ◽  
Hans-Dieter Spangenberg
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
Management Concept ◽  
High Standards ◽  
Physical And Chemical

To guarantee drinking water of high quality not only the drinking water treatment must be of high standards but also the quality of water resources should be the best possible. Therefore, pollution control and pollution risk management in the catchment areas of water resources are important parts of an overall water management concept. This includes the assessment of physical and chemical parameters as well as bacteriological parameters, especially hygienic parameters. A concept for an integrative consideration of drinking water treatment and quality management of water resources is presented.

scholarly journals DETERMINATION OF STANDARDIZED DOSES OF ULTRAVIOLET DISINFECTION OF WATER FROM BACTERIAL, VIRAL AND PARASITIC CONTAMINATION

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (12) ◽  
pp. 1342-1348
Author(s):  
Yu. A. Rakhmanin ◽  
Anzhelika V. Zagainova ◽  
T. Z. Artemova ◽  
E. K. Gipp ◽  
K. Yu. Kuznetsova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Uv Irradiation ◽  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Uv Disinfection ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Special Role

Introduction. The proposed criteria for the sanitary-bacteriological assessment of the quality of tap water must ensure its epidemic safety. In conditions of intensive bacterial contamination of water bodies, a special role is played by the barrier function of water treatment plants in relation to infectious agents. The overall quality of microorganisms is the pronounced resistance in the aquatic environment, primarily resistance to a number of chlorine-containing disinfectants, which guarantee the preservation of the population in drinking water undergone a water treatment system. Therefore, it is necessary to consider other possible ways of disinfection, such as ultraviolet irradiation. Determination of the effective dose of ultraviolet (UV) disinfection against bacterial, viral and parasitic contamination of drinking water. Material and methods. Tap water was used as model water for research. The effectiveness of UV irradiation with doses of 25, 40, 60 mJ / cm2 against microorganisms was studied. Results. In the course of the work, it was established that the UV disinfection technology with a dose of at least 25 mJ/cm2 can be recommended as a disinfection method when used in conjunction with chlorination. Conclusion. In water treatment technology, a dose of at least 25 mJ/cm2 of UV irradiation can be recommended as a method of disinfecting water in case of microbial contamination by bacteria and viruses at a concentration not exceeding nˑ102 cells/virions in 100 ml, and at a concentration of microbiological contamination nˑ103 cells/virions in 100 ml of water, the use of UV disinfection can be recommended only in conjunction with chlorination and with the provision of indices on the residual chlorine in the distribution network before serving to the consumer. The presented scheme will increase the barrier role of water treatment facilities with respect to viral and bacterial contamination, provide a prolonged decontamination effect, contributing to the suppression of bacterial growth in breeding nets and limit the level of parasitic water contamination during water treatment.

scholarly journals PENGOLAHAN AIR PAYAU MENGGUNAKAN TEKNOLOGI MEMBRAN SISTEM OSMOSA BALIK SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF PEMENUHAN KEBUTUHAN AIR MINUM MASYARAKAT KEPULAUAN SERIBU

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wahyu Widayat
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Small Islands ◽  
The People ◽  
Quality Of Water

Kepulauan seribu (Seribu Archipelago) is one of region of north jakarta, the province of DKI Jakarta Raya which is populated by around 18.000 inhabitants. It consists of 111 small islands. Among them, there are about 11 (eleven) islands are stated as the residential:   P. Untung Jawa, P. Tidung Besar, P. Lancang Besar, P. Panggang, P. Pramuka, P. Kelapa I, P. Kelapa II, P. Harapan, P. Sebira. P. Payung dan P. Pari. P. Panggang and P. Kelapa I are the most populated.In relation to the clean water supply, specifically for drinking water/freshwater, mostly is got from the narrow well, rainfall and some water treatment installations that heve been owned by some islands. However, problem arises when the prolong dry season comes as the quality of water in the narrow well decreases significantly, the well water became brackish. In order to cope this problem, the avaibility of sufficient water treatment installations to process brackish water into freshwater is very important. The water treatment installation with reverse osmosis system is one of the most effective alternative in order to provide the freshwater for the people in the islands. The system has also been aplied sufficiently in several islands, such as P. Kelapa I, P. Tidung, P. Pramuka, P. Untung Jawa, P. Panggang dan P. Harapan Kata Kunci : Pengolahan Air payau, Osmosa balik, Air minum.

scholarly journals CAMBIO DE PARADIGMA Y PRIMERA EMPRESA DE AGUA EN LA CIUDAD DE TALCA (1870-1931)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raúl Sánchez Andaur ◽  
Inmaculada Simón Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries ◽  
Siglo Xix

Las cuestiones relacionadas con el abastecimiento de agua potable y el saneamiento en las ciudades durante la transición de un sistema clásico de  abastecimiento, en el que las formas de acceso al agua en las ciudades eran múltiples y se carecía de un sistema de control estricto sobre la calidad de las  aguas consumidas, a uno nuevo, en el que se establece una red de cañerías para el abastecimiento y otra para la evacuación de las aguas servidas además  de proceder a cada vez más sofisticados sistemas de control bacteriológico y de potabilización, no han sido muy estudiadas en Chile a pesar de ser uno de  los grandes hitos de la urbanización en el cambio del siglo XIX al XX. Presentamos aquí los primeros avances en una investigación de mayor alcance en la  que estamos analizando las principales características del proceso de transformación en la gestión y el uso del agua en dos ciudades en pleno crecimiento  en la época que nos ocupa: Talca y Valparaíso. En esta ocasión nos circunscribimos sólo al caso de Talca. ABSTRACT The issues related to drinking water supply and sanitation in the cities during the transition from a classic supply system, in which the forms of access to  water in the cities were multiple and lacked a system of strict control over quality of water consumed, to a new one, in which the establish a network of  pipes to supply set and another one for the disposal of sewage, besides the use of more sophisticated bacteriological control systems and water treatment,  have not been enough estudied in Chile despite being one of the great landmarks of urbanization in the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. We  present here the firsts steps in a wider investigation in which we are analyzing the main features of the transformation process in the management and use  of water in two growing cities in the time before us: Talca and Valparaiso. This time we limit ourselves only to the case of Talca.

scholarly journals Microbiological and Biochemical Contamination Analysis of Refilled Drinking-water in Abeli, Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-9
Author(s):  
Juminten Saimin ◽  
Hartati Hartati ◽  
Yenti Purnamasari ◽  
Sufiah Asri Mulyawati ◽  
Tien Tien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Klebsiella Oxytoca ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
Microbiological Test ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Water Catchment ◽  
Drinking Water Samples

BACKGROUND: The access to safe drinkingwater is increasingly difficult, especially in water catchment or coastal areas. Due to the difficulty, people in coastal areas tend to consume ready-to-use refilled drinking-water. However, the sanitation facilities on most drinking-water refill depots do not meet the requirements, hence really prone to microbial contamination. We conducted this study to determine the types of bacteria causing the contamination of refilled drinking-water from refill depots in Abeli, a coastal area in Kendari.METHODS: Samples were collected from all 6 drinkingwater refill depots in Abeli. Three-series fermentation tubes were used for the microbiological test, including the presumptive, confirmative and completed tests. The biochemical test was performed with indole test, methyl red test, Voges-Proskauer test, and citrate utilization test (IMViC) methods and the triple sugar iron agar (TSIA) test.RESULTS: Among 6 refilled drinking-water samples, we found the growth of coliform bacterial colonies in 3 samples, exhibiting various characteristics. Based on the characteristics, both microbiological and biochemical, the identified bacteria were Proteus sp., Escherichia coli and Klebsiella oxytoca.CONCLUSION: Bacteria that contaminated refilled drinking-water in Abeli were Proteus sp., E. coli and K. oxytoca. Continuous supervision is required to ensure the quality of water from drinking-water refill depots.KEYWORDS: bacteria, Proteus sp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, coastal areas, refilled drinking water

scholarly journals Determinants of Water Source Use, Quality of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Perceptions among Urban Households in North-West Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shewayiref Geremew Gebremichael ◽  
Emebet Yismaw ◽  
Belete Dejen ◽  
Adeladilew Dires
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
North West ◽  
Drinking Water Sources ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
North West Ethiopia

AbstractBackgroundClean water is an essential element for human health, wellbeing, and prosperity. Every human being has the right to access safe drinking water. But, in now day, due to rapid population growth, illiteracy, lack of sustainable development, and climate change; it still faces a global challenge for about one billion people in the developing nation. The discontinuity of drinking water supply puts in force households either to use unsafe water storage materials or to use water from unimproved sources. This study aimed to identify the determinants of water source types, use, quality of water, and sanitation perception of physical parameters among urban households in North-West Ethiopia.MethodsA community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among households from February to March 2019. An interview-based pre-tested and structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. Data collection samples were selected randomly and proportional to each kebeles’ households. MS Excel and R Version 3.6.2 was used to enter and analyze the data; respectively. Descriptive statistics using frequencies and percentages were used to explain the sample data concerning the predictor variable. Both bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to assess the association between the independent and the response variables.ResultsFour hundred eighteen (418) households have participated. Based on the study undertaken, 78.95% of households used improved and 21.05% of households used unimproved drinking water sources. Households drinking water sources are significantly associated with age of participant (x2 = 20.392, df=3), educational status (x2 = 19.358, df=4), source of income (x2 = 21.777, df=3), monthly income (x2 = 13.322, df=3), availability of additional facilities (x2 = 98.144, df=7), cleanness status (x2 =42.979, df=4), scarcity of water (x2 = 5.1388, df=1) and family size (x2 = 9.934, df=2). The logistic regression analysis also indicated as those factors are significantly determined (p 0.05) the water source types used by households. Factors such as availability of toilet facility, household member type, and sex of head of the household are not significantly associated with the drinking water sources.ConclusionThe study showed that being an older age group of the head of the household, being government employer, merchant and self-employed, being a higher income group, the presence of all facilities in the area, lived in a clean surrounding and lower family size are the determinant factors of using drinking water from improved sources. Therefore; the local, regional, and national governments and other supporting organizations shall improve the accessibility and adequacy of drinking water from improved sources through short and long time plans for the well-being of the community in the area.

SISTEM PENGOLAHAN AIR MINUM SEDERHANA (PORTABLE WATER TREATMENT)

Konversi ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Isna Syauqiah ◽  
Noerhadi Wiyono ◽  
Arief Faturrahman
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
River Water ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Optimum Time ◽  
Column Adsorption ◽  
Water Conditions ◽  
Optimum Volume

Abstrak- Air merupakan kebutuhan yang paling utama bagi makhluk hidup. Belakangan ini timbul masalah yang sangat krusial yaitu sulit untuk mendapatkan air bersih dan layak untuk dikonsumsi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu mengetahui keefektifan alat dalam mengolah air sungai menjadi air minum dan mengetahui waktu optimum dalam pengolahan air. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan beberapa tahap. Pertama yaitu perancangan portable water treatment itu sendiri yaitu dengan membuat kolom-kolom aerasi, kolom filtrasi, kolom adsorpsi, dan kolom desinfeksi yang mana alat-alat tersebut dibuat bongkar pasang. Kedua, yaitu pengoptimasian alat-alat yang bertujuan untuk menentukan waktu dan volume optimum masing-masing alat. Sehingga akan didapatkan waktu dan volume optimum untuk alat secara keseluruhan. Ketiga, hasil analisa air sungai Martapura. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian didapat bahwa desain alat ini kurang efektif dengan kondisi kualitas sungai air Martapura untuk diolah menjadi air minum yang biasa dikonsumsi oleh masyarakat sekitar karena kualitas air minum yang dihasilkan belum mencapai standar baku mutu air minum yang ditetapkan. Waktu optimum untuk alat ini adalah 135 s dengan lama desinfeksi selama 2 menit dan volume optimum air masuk adalah sebesar 2 L Kata kunci: aerasi, filtrasi, desinfeksi  Abstract- Water is the most important thing for living. Lately it is difficult to get clean water and suitable for consumption. This research aims to knowing the tool effectiveness in processing river water into drinking water and knowing the optimum time in water treatment. This research was conducted in several stages. First is the design of portable water treatment itself is by making the columns of aeration, filtration column, adsorption column, and columns where the desinfection equipment are separated. Second, the optimizing tools that aim to determine the optimum time and volume of each instrument. So it will be obtained the optimum time and volume for whole instrument. Third, the analysis results of Martapura river. Based on research results obtained that the design of this tool is less effective with the quality of Martapura river water conditions to be processed into drinking water that is usually consumed by people around because the quality of drinking water that produced has not reached the standard of specified drinking water quality standard. Optimum time for this tool is 135 s with a desinfection time  for 2 minutes and the optimum volume of entering water amounts to 2 L Keywords: aeration, filtration, desinfection

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