Predicting Boron-10 Concentrations in Normal Brain and GBM from Blood Measurements

2001 ◽  
pp. 243-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Palmer ◽  
C. Chuang ◽  
W. S. Kiger ◽  
P. M. Busse ◽  
R. G. Zamenhof
Keyword(s):  
Normal Brain

Formation of paired helical filaments in Alzheimer's disease

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 302-303
Author(s):  
J. Metuzals ◽  
D. F. Clapin ◽  
V. Montpetit
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Giant Axon ◽  
Paired Helical Filaments ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Protein Assemblies ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Helical Symmetry ◽  
Structural Levels

Information on the conformation of paired helical filaments (PHF) and the neurofilamentous (NF) network is essential for an understanding of the mechanisms involved in the formation of the primary lesions of Alzheimer's disease (AD): tangles and plaques. The structural and chemical relationships between the NF and the PHF have to be clarified in order to discover the etiological factors of this disease. We are investigating by stereo electron microscopic and biochemical techniques frontal lobe biopsies from patients with AD and squid giant axon preparations. The helical nature of the lesion in AD is related to pathological alterations of basic properties of the nervous system due to the helical symmetry that exists at all hierarchic structural levels in the normal brain. Because of this helical symmetry of NF protein assemblies and PHF, the employment of structure reconstruction techniques to determine the conformation, particularly the handedness of these structures, is most promising. Figs. 1-3 are frontal lobe biopsies.

Metallic prions

2004 ◽  
Vol 71 ◽  
pp. 193-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R Brown
Keyword(s):  
Prion Protein ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Normal Function ◽  
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Copper Binding ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Spongiform Encephalopathies ◽  
The Brain

Prion diseases, also referred to as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, are characterized by the deposition of an abnormal isoform of the prion protein in the brain. However, this aggregated, fibrillar, amyloid protein, termed PrPSc, is an altered conformer of a normal brain glycoprotein, PrPc. Understanding the nature of the normal cellular isoform of the prion protein is considered essential to understanding the conversion process that generates PrPSc. To this end much work has focused on elucidation of the normal function and activity of PrPc. Substantial evidence supports the notion that PrPc is a copper-binding protein. In conversion to the abnormal isoform, this Cu-binding activity is lost. Instead, there are some suggestions that the protein might bind other metals such as Mn or Zn. PrPc functions currently under investigation include the possibility that the protein is involved in signal transduction, cell adhesion, Cu transport and resistance to oxidative stress. Of these possibilities, only a role in Cu transport and its action as an antioxidant take into consideration PrPc's Cu-binding capacity. There are also more published data supporting these two functions. There is strong evidence that during the course of prion disease, there is a loss of function of the prion protein. This manifests as a change in metal balance in the brain and other organs and substantial oxidative damage throughout the brain. Thus prions and metals have become tightly linked in the quest to understand the nature of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.

Cancer stem cells obtained from normal brain stem cells

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (S 2) ◽  
Author(s):  
FA Siebzehnrubl ◽  
I Jeske ◽  
D Müller ◽  
M Hildebrandt ◽  
E Hahnen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Normal Brain

A Survey on Detection and Classification of Brain Tumor Using Image Processing Techniques

2020 ◽  
pp. 967-973
Author(s):  
V. Deepika ◽  
T. Rajasenbagam
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Tumor Detection ◽  
Tumor Classification ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Image Processing Techniques ◽  
Normal Brain Function ◽  
Processing Techniques ◽  
The Brain

A brain tumor is an uncontrolled growth of abnormal brain tissue that can interfere with normal brain function. Although various methods have been developed for brain tumor classification, tumor detection and multiclass classification remain challenging due to the complex characteristics of the brain tumor. Brain tumor detection and classification are one of the most challenging and time-consuming tasks in the processing of medical images. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) is a visual imaging technique, which provides a information about the soft tissues of the human body, which helps identify the brain tumor. Proper diagnosis can prevent a patient's health to some extent. This paper presents a review of various detection and classification methods for brain tumor classification using image processing techniques.

Magnetization Transfer on T2-weighted Image: Magnetization Transfer Ratios in Normal Brain and CerebralLesions

1998 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Myung Kwan Lim ◽  
Hong Gee Roh ◽  
Chang Hae Suh ◽  
Young Kook Cho ◽  
Hyung Jin Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetization Transfer ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Weighted Image

Dosimetric comparison of fractionated radiosurgery plans using frameless Gamma Knife ICON and CyberKnife systems with linear accelerator–based radiosurgery plans for multiple large brain metastases

2020 ◽  
Vol 132 (5) ◽  
pp. 1473-1479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun Young Han ◽  
He Wang ◽  
Dershan Luo ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
Xin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Brain Metastases ◽  
Gamma Knife ◽  
Linear Accelerator ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Target Volume ◽  
Planning System ◽  
Treatment Planning System ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Large Brain ◽  
The Mean

OBJECTIVEFor patients with multiple large brain metastases with at least 1 target volume larger than 10 cm3, multifractionated stereotactic radiosurgery (MF-SRS) has commonly been delivered with a linear accelerator (LINAC). Recent advances of Gamma Knife (GK) units with kilovolt cone-beam CT and CyberKnife (CK) units with multileaf collimators also make them attractive choices. The purpose of this study was to compare the dosimetry of MF-SRS plans deliverable on GK, CK, and LINAC and to discuss related clinical issues.METHODSTen patients with 2 or more large brain metastases who had been treated with MF-SRS on LINAC were identified. The median planning target volume was 18.31 cm3 (mean 21.31 cm3, range 3.42–49.97 cm3), and the median prescribed dose was 27.0 Gy (mean 26.7 Gy, range 21–30 Gy), administered in 3 to 5 fractions. Clinical LINAC treatment plans were generated using inverse planning with intensity modulation on a Pinnacle treatment planning system (version 9.10) for the Varian TrueBeam STx system. GK and CK planning were retrospectively performed using Leksell GammaPlan version 10.1 and Accuray Precision version 1.1.0.0 for the CK M6 system. Tumor coverage, Paddick conformity index (CI), gradient index (GI), and normal brain tissue receiving 4, 12, and 20 Gy were used to compare plan quality. Net beam-on time and approximate planning time were also collected for all cases.RESULTSPlans from all 3 modalities satisfied clinical requirements in target coverage and normal tissue sparing. The mean CI was comparable (0.79, 0.78, and 0.76) for the GK, CK, and LINAC plans. The mean GI was 3.1 for both the GK and the CK plans, whereas the mean GI of the LINAC plans was 4.1. The lower GI of the GK and CK plans would have resulted in significantly lower normal brain volumes receiving a medium or high dose. On average, GK and CK plans spared the normal brain volume receiving at least 12 Gy and 20 Gy by approximately 20% in comparison with the LINAC plans. However, the mean beam-on time of GK (∼ 64 minutes assuming a dose rate of 2.5 Gy/minute) plans was significantly longer than that of CK (∼ 31 minutes) or LINAC (∼ 4 minutes) plans.CONCLUSIONSAll 3 modalities are capable of treating multiple large brain lesions with MF-SRS. GK has the most flexible workflow and excellent dosimetry, but could be limited by the treatment time. CK has dosimetry comparable to that of GK with a consistent treatment time of approximately 30 minutes. LINAC has a much shorter treatment time, but residual rotational error could be a concern.

Normal cerebral ventricular volume growth in childhood

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 517-524
Author(s):  
Noah S. Cutler ◽  
Sudharsan Srinivasan ◽  
Bryan L. Aaron ◽  
Sharath Kumar Anand ◽  
Michael S. Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Mri ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Ventricular Volume ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Diagnostic Process ◽  
Growth Charts ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Mr Images ◽  
Ventricular Volumes ◽  
Brain Mr Images

OBJECTIVENormal percentile growth charts for head circumference, length, and weight are well-established tools for clinicians to detect abnormal growth patterns. Currently, no standard exists for evaluating normal size or growth of cerebral ventricular volume. The current standard practice relies on clinical experience for a subjective assessment of cerebral ventricular size to determine whether a patient is outside the normal volume range. An improved definition of normal ventricular volumes would facilitate a more data-driven diagnostic process. The authors sought to develop a growth curve of cerebral ventricular volumes using a large number of normal pediatric brain MR images.METHODSThe authors performed a retrospective analysis of patients aged 0 to 18 years, who were evaluated at their institution between 2009 and 2016 with brain MRI performed for headaches, convulsions, or head injury. Patients were excluded for diagnoses of hydrocephalus, congenital brain malformations, intracranial hemorrhage, meningitis, or intracranial mass lesions established at any time during a 3- to 10-year follow-up. The volume of the cerebral ventricles for each T2-weighted MRI sequence was calculated with a custom semiautomated segmentation program written in MATLAB. Normal percentile curves were calculated using the lambda-mu-sigma smoothing method.RESULTSVentricular volume was calculated for 687 normal brain MR images obtained in 617 different patients. A chart with standardized growth curves was developed from this set of normal ventricular volumes representing the 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, and 95th percentiles. The charted data were binned by age at scan date by 3-month intervals for ages 0–1 year, 6-month intervals for ages 1–3 years, and 12-month intervals for ages 3–18 years. Additional percentile values were calculated for boys only and girls only.CONCLUSIONSThe authors developed centile estimation growth charts of normal 3D ventricular volumes measured on brain MRI for pediatric patients. These charts may serve as a quantitative clinical reference to help discern normal variance from pathologic ventriculomegaly.

Neuroblastoma with intracerebral metastases and the need for neurosurgery: a single-center experience

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-56
Author(s):  
Steffen Fleck ◽  
Sascha Marx ◽  
Clara Bobak ◽  
Victoria Richter ◽  
Stephan Nowak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Neurosurgical Procedures ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Indications For Surgery ◽  
Single Center ◽  
Neurosurgical Procedure ◽  
Oncological Treatment ◽  
Single Center Experience ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Neurosurgical Treatment

OBJECTIVEIntracerebral metastases in neuroblastoma patients are rare, and information about the indication for and the outcome of neurosurgical procedures in this setting is scarce in the literature. The authors’ aim in the present study was to report a single-center experience with the neurosurgical treatment of intracerebral metastases in neuroblastoma.METHODSThis study is a retrospective single-center analysis of all neurosurgical strategies used in the treatment of intracerebral metastases in neuroblastoma patients.RESULTSBetween 2009 and 2017, 237 pediatric patients (94 girls, 143 boys) with a mean age of 39 months at diagnosis were treated for neuroblastoma. Five (2.1%) of the 237 patients had a neurosurgical procedure for intracerebral metastases. The metastases occurred a mean of 46 months after initial diagnosis. All of these patients had neuroblastoma stage 4. Indications for surgery were recurrent metastases after initial successful oncological treatment or progression of the metastasis under oncological treatment as well as deterioration of neurological function. Intraoperatively, the tumor usually had a distinguishable dissection plane but was infiltrative to adjacent nerves in some spots. Mean overall survival after the neurosurgical procedure was 22 months. Furthermore, in another 3 patients, a neurosurgical procedure was done for an intracranial but extracerebral metastasis.CONCLUSIONSNeurosurgical procedures for intracerebral metastases in neuroblastoma patients are rare and were performed in 2.1% of patients in the present study. Intracerebral metastases occurred during disease progression, and the prognosis after surgery was very limited. The main indications for surgery were rapid neurological deterioration or recurrence of the metastasis after initial successful oncological treatment. Intraoperatively, the metastases usually had a distinguishable dissection plane from the normal brain tissue.

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