scholarly journals Can We Explain Students’ Failure in Learning Multiplication?

2020 ◽  
pp. 265-289
Author(s):  
Maria del Carmen Chamorro
Keyword(s):  
Elementary Education ◽  
Contemporary Society ◽  
Mental Calculation ◽  
Multiplication Tables ◽  
Level Of Importance ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Made In

AbstractTeaching multiplication is a compulsory topic in elementary education mathematics programs. Much time is dedicated to teaching multiplication tables and algorithms, obtaining mediocre results. Recent investigations in neuroscience suggest that our way of teaching is not congruent with how the brain works and, as such, important changes should be made in teaching of numerical facts and algorithms. Additionally, other kinds of calculation, like mental calculation and calculations with a calculator, have not yet reached the level of importance of their use in education that citizens require in a contemporary society.

scholarly journals Molecular Mechanisms of Drug Resistance in Glioblastoma

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 6385
Author(s):  
Maya A. Dymova ◽  
Elena V. Kuligina ◽  
Vladimir A. Richter
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Primary Brain Tumor ◽  
Therapeutic Resistance ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
Conventional Radiation ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Made In

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and fatal primary brain tumor, is highly resistant to conventional radiation and chemotherapy, and is not amenable to effective surgical resection. The present review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of therapeutic resistance of GBM to already known drugs, the molecular characteristics of glioblastoma cells, and the barriers in the brain that underlie drug resistance. We also discuss the progress that has been made in the development of new targeted drugs for glioblastoma, as well as advances in drug delivery across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and blood–brain tumor barrier (BBTB).

Krešimir Krnjević (1927–2021) and GABAergic inhibition: a lifetime dedication

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Yehezkel Ben-Ari ◽  
Enrico Cherubini ◽  
Massimo Avoli
Keyword(s):  
Canadian Journal ◽  
Chief Editor ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Gabaergic Inhibition ◽  
Inhibitory Neurotransmitter ◽  
Neuroscience Research ◽  
Personal Interactions ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Made In

After over seven decades of neuroscience research, it is now well established that γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. In this paper dedicated to Krešimir Krnjević (1927–2021), a pioneer and leader in neuroscience, we briefly highlight the fundamental contributions he made in identifying GABA as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain and our personal interactions with him. Of note, between 1972 and 1978 Dr. Krnjević was a highly reputed Chief Editor of the Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology.

Abstract 306: Alamandine but not angiotensin-(1-7) produces cardiovascular effects in the Insular Cortex

Hypertension ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 64 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda R Marins ◽  
Aline C Oliveira ◽  
Fatimunnisa Qadri ◽  
Natalia Alenina ◽  
Michael Bader ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Region ◽  
Insular Cortex ◽  
Cardiovascular Effects ◽  
Endogenous Ligand ◽  
Renal Nerve ◽  
Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activity ◽  
Equimolar Dose ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Renal Sympathetic ◽  
Made In

In the course of experiments aimed to evaluate the immunofluorescence distribution of MrgD receptors we observed the presence of immunoreactivity for the MrgD protein in the Insular Cortex. In order to evaluate the functional significance of this finding, we investigated the cardiovascular effects produced by the endogenous ligand of MrgD, alamandine, in this brain region. Urethane (1.4g/kg) anesthetized rats were instrumented for measurement of MAP, HR and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA). Unilateral microinjection of alamandine (40 pmol/100nl), Angiotensin-(1-7) (40pmol/100nl), Mas/MrgD antagonista D-Pro7-Ang-1-7 (50pmol/100nl), Mas agonist A779 (100 pmol/100nl) or vehicle (0,9% NaCl) were made in different rats (N=4-6 per group) into posterior insular cortex (+1.5mm rostral to the bregma). Microinjection of alamandine in this region produced a long-lasting (> 18 min) increase in MAP (Δ saline= -2±1 vs. alamandine= 12±2 mmHg, p< 0.05) associated to increases in HR (Δ saline= 2±2 vs. alamandine= 35±5 bpm; p< 0.05) and in the amplitude of renal nerve discharges (Δ saline = -2±1 vs. alamandine= 35±5.5 % of the baseline; p< 0.05). Strikingly, an equimolar dose of angiotensin-(1-7) did not produce any change in MAP or HR (Δ MAP=-0.5±0.3 mmHg and +2.7±1.2 bpm, respectively; p> 0.05) and only a slight increase in RSNA (Δ =7.3±3.2 %) . In keeping with this observation the effects of alamandine were not significantly influenced by A-779 (Δ MAP=+13± 2.5 mmHg, Δ HR= +26±3.6 bpm; Δ RSNA = 25± 3.4%) but completely blocked by the Mas/MrgD antagonist D-Pro7-Ang-(1-7) (Δ MAP=+0 ± 1 mmHg Δ HR= +4±2.6 bpm; Δ RSNA = 0.5± 2.2 %). Therefore, we have identified a brain region in which alamandine/MrgD receptors but not Ang-(1-7)/Mas could be involved in the modulation of cardiovascular-related neuronal activity. This observation also suggests that alamandine might possess unique effects unrelated to Ang-(1-7) in the brain.

Febrile Convulsions, by J. Gordon Millichap, M.D., M.R.C.P. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1968, 239 pp., $7.95

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 381-382
Author(s):  
Randolph K. Byers
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Febrile Seizures ◽  
Cerebral Injury ◽  
Extensive Review ◽  
Cerebral Disease ◽  
Febrile Convulsions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Made In

This rather modest-looking monograph deals not only with the large experiences of the author in relation to febrile seizures, but also presents an extensive review of the modern relevant literature (266 references in the bibliography). The most useful point made in the book, it seems to me, is that febrile convulsions are just that: i.e., convulsions coinciding with fever, the result of illness not directly involving the brain or its meninges. Such a seizure may be an isolated occurrence in the life of the individual, or it may recur a few times with fever; it may be the first sign of idiopathic chronic epilepsy, or it may be evidence of more or less apparent cerebral injury of a static sort; or, it may be the presenting symptom heralding progressive cerebral disease.

scholarly journals Reward and aversion encoding in the lateral habenula for innate and learned behaviours

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Mondoloni ◽  
Manuel Mameli ◽  
Mauro Congiu
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Individual Member ◽  
Negative Events ◽  
Lateral Habenula ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Aversive Events ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Made In

AbstractThroughout life, individuals experience a vast array of positive and aversive events that trigger adaptive behavioural responses. These events are often unpredicted and engage actions that are likely anchored on innate behavioural programs expressed by each individual member of virtually all animal species. In a second step, environmental cues, that are initially neutral, acquire value through the association with external sensory stimuli, and become instrumental to predict upcoming positive or negative events. This process ultimately prompts learned goal-directed actions allowing the pursuit of rewarding experience or the avoidance of a danger. Both innate and learned behavioural programs are evolutionarily conserved and fundamental for survival. Among the brain structures participating in the encoding of positive/negative stimuli and contributing to innate and learned behaviours is the epithalamic lateral habenula (LHb). The LHb provides top-down control of monoaminergic systems, responds to unexpected appetitive/aversive stimuli as well as external cues that predict the upcoming rewards or punishments. Accordingly, the LHb controls a number of behaviours that are innate (originating from unpredicted stimuli), and learned (stemming from predictive cues). In this review, we will discuss the progresses that rodent’s experimental work made in identifying how LHb activity governs these vital processes, and we will provide a view on how these findings integrate within a complex circuit connectivity.

The Occurrence and Morphogenesis of Melanocytes in the Connective Tissues of the PET/MCV Mouse Strain1

Development ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-32
Author(s):  
Stuart E. Nichols ◽  
Willie M. Reams
Keyword(s):  
Neural Crest ◽  
The Body ◽  
Connective Tissues ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Genital Apparatus ◽  
Mouse Tissues ◽  
Harderian Glands ◽  
Neural Crest Origin ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Made In

Mammals, as a rule, are described as having melanocytes of neural crest origin confined almost entirely to the skin. Of the organs other than skin which have been described as possessing melanocytes are portions of the gonado-genital apparatus of the Opossum (Burns, 1939), and, in the house mouse, tissues of the nictitans, the meninges of the brain, the parathyroids, the thymus and harderian glands (Markert & Silvers, 1956), and the parathyroids of C58 mice (Dunn, 1949). The present investigation has been made in a strain of mice in which melanocytes are found in the connective tissues throughout much of the body. This strain originated several years ago in the Department of Genetics, Medical College of Virginia, from a cross between inbred C3H and black mice of unknown breed obtained from a local pet shop. Because of the latter circumstance, the line-bred progeny have been termed the PET/MCV strain.

Forward Dendritic Spikes

2011 ◽  
pp. 42-59
Author(s):  
Oscar Herreras ◽  
Julia Makarova ◽  
José Manuel Ibarz
Keyword(s):  
Action Potentials ◽  
Remarkable Property ◽  
Synaptic Inputs ◽  
Brain Circuits ◽  
Voltage Dependent ◽  
Dendritic Spikes ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Made In

Neurons send trains of action potentials to communicate each other. Different messages are issued according to varying inputs, but they can also mix them up in a multiplexed language transmitted through a single cable, the axon. This remarkable property arises from the capability of dendritic domains to work semi autonomously and even decide output. We review the underlying mechanisms and theoretical implications of the role of voltage-dependent dendritic currents on the forward transmission of synaptic inputs, with special emphasis in the initiation, integration and forward conduction of dendritic spikes. When these spikes reach the axon, output decision was made in one of many parallel dendritic substations. When failed, they still serve as an internal language to transfer information between dendritic domains. This notion brakes with the classic view of neurons as the elementary units of the brain and attributes them computational/storage capabilities earlier billed to complex brain circuits.

scholarly journals Is Phytomelatonin a New Plant Hormone?

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marino Arnao ◽  
Josefa Hernández-Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Neurotransmitter Release ◽  
Plant Hormone ◽  
Great Similarity ◽  
Peripheral Organs ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Made In

Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is of particular importance as a chronobiological hormone in mammals, acting as a signal of darkness that provides information to the brain and peripheral organs. It is an endogenous synchronizer for both endocrine (i.e., via neurotransmitter release) and other physiological rhythms. In this work we will try to add to the series of scientific events and discoveries made in plants that, surprisingly, confirm the great similarity of action of melatonin in animals and plants. The most relevant milestones on the 25 years of phytomelatonin studies are presented, from its discovery in 1995 to the discovery of its receptor in plants in 2018, suggesting it should be regarded as a new plant hormone.

scholarly journals VII. The David Ferrier Lecture - On some correlations between skull and brain

1932 ◽  
Vol 221 (474-482) ◽  
pp. 391-429 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
National Tradition ◽  
Degree Of Exactness ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Made In

Mr . President and Gentlemen, My most pleasant duty to-day is to thank your Council for the honour that it has conferred upon me by inviting me to give the second lecture in memory of the late Sir David Ferrier. I have accepted this invitation with feelings of gratitude, not only to your Council, but also for the contributions made in this country to our knowledge of the structure and function of the nervous system. Among these, the works of Sir David Ferrier, however prominent, only stand out as a conspicuous example of a national tradition, maintained in recent years, both in the Physiology and Anatomy of the brain. The task I have accepted is not an easy one, the less so as the first Ferrier lecture was given by Sir Charles Sherrington who, in both the methods and results of his investigations, attained a degree of exactness at which morphologists aim in vain.

Effect of anterior and posterior hypothalamic lesions on precocious sexual maturation

1964 ◽  
Vol 206 (4) ◽  
pp. 805-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raul C. Schiavi
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Maturation ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Vaginal Opening ◽  
Uterine Weight ◽  
Comparative Effect ◽  
Hypothalamic Lesions ◽  
Medial Hypothalamus ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Made In

The comparative effect of anterior and posterior hypothalamic lesions on the development of sexual maturation of prepubertal female rats was investigated. Lesions by electrocoagulation were made in the medial hypothalamus of 45 rats at 25–26 days of age. Thirty-nine animals of the same age constituted the sham-operated and nonoperated controls. A hastened appearance of vaginal opening and first estrus, a significant increase in uterine weight, precocious ovarian luteinization, and premature sexual cycles were observed following both types of lesions. Sham-operated rats and animals with lesions in other parts of the brain did not show evidence of precocious sexual maturation.

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