History of the Circular Economy. The Historic Development of Circularity and the Circular Economy

2020 ◽  
pp. 7-19
Author(s):  
Walter R. Stahel
Keyword(s):  
Circular Economy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historic Development

scholarly journals Towards Distributed Recycling with Additive Manufacturing of PET Flake Feedstocks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen A. Little ◽  
Nagendra G. Tanikella ◽  
Matthew Reich ◽  
Matthew J. Fiedler ◽  
Samantha L. Snabes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Thermal Characterization ◽  
Feeding Tubes ◽  
Recycled Polyethylene ◽  
History Of ◽  
Future Work ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Shape And Size

This study explores the potential to reach a circular economy for post-consumer recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET) packaging and bottles by using it as a distributed recycling for additive manufacturing (DRAM) feedstock. Specifically, rPET is processed using only an open source toolchain with fused particle fabrication (FPF) or fused granular fabrication (FGF) processing. In this study, first the impact of granulation, sifting and heating (and their combination) is quantified on the shape and size distribution of the rPET flakes. Then feeding studies were performed to see if they could be printed through an external feeder or needed to be direct printed with a hopper using two Gigabot X machines, one with extended part cooling and one without. Print settings were optimized based on thermal characterization and for the latter which was shown to print rPET directly from shredded water bottles mechanical testing is performed. The results showed that geometry was important for extended feeding tubes and direct printed using a hopper. Further there is a wide disparity in the physical properties of rPET from water bottles depending on source and the history of the material. Future work is needed to enable water bottles to be used as a widespread DRAM feedstock.

scholarly journals History of education in Switzerland – historic development and current challenges

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 223-237
Author(s):  
Michèle Hofmann
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Education ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
History Of Education ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historic Development ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
And Function ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Role And Function

As in other countries, history of education in Switzerland is faced with a number of challenges (e.g. job cuts, questioning of the discipline’s role and function). This paper argues that the disci-pline’s current situation can only be adequately understood in light of its eventful history. In a first step this paper therefore deals with the historic development of the history of education in Switzerland. Particular focus is placed on the establishment of the history of education as a part of pedagogy at the institutions of teacher education during the first half of the 19th century and the discipline’s further development over the course of the late 19th and 20th century. In a se-cond step, this paper discusses the consequences for the discipline’s present and future that arise from its specific, historically evolved situation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15572/ENCO2014.12

scholarly journals The 9Rs Strategies for the Circular Economy 3.0

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 1440-1446
Author(s):  
Kannikar Khaw-ngern Et al.
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Resource Use ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Waste To Energy ◽  
Closed Economy ◽  
World War ◽  
Key Stakeholders ◽  
History Of

Circular economy (CE) was first introduced in the 1970s as an alternative economic model for replacing the traditional linear industrial economy, the take-make-use-throw approach. However, transition to a more circular economy can be challenging due to the untenable assumptions. It is viewed as a strategy enabling the ‘decoupling’ of resource use from economic growth, but there are still questions whether the CE can decouple resource use from economic growth. The purpose of this article is to study the evolution of the circular economy and the synthesis of the 10Rs hierarchy, to examine the circular economy roadmap and to review the strategies of 9Rs and the benefits of circular economy. Documentary study and literature review were used for data collection. It is found that the history of circular economy started as early as before World War II, known as closed economy. Then, the concept of circular economy evolved to CE 1.0, CE 2.0, and CE 3.0 since 2010 onward. Although 10R hierarchy (from R0-R9) was proposed to solve confusion around new conceptions of circularity, the waste-to-energy (Recovery) does not promote resource efficiency when considering the loss of value of potentially recyclable materials through combustion. Circular Economy, when successfully implemented, can clearly bring environmental, social and economic benefits. However, a CE roadmap should integrate the key stakeholders’ views on the essential developments and actions required for the transition as well as clarifies their own role in the transition.

1 Historical Development of the Law of the Sea

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Treves Tullio
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
United Nations ◽  
International Law ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historic Development ◽  
The Law ◽  
Early Phases

This chapter highlights, in the historic development of the law of the sea, the roots of the law as it currently stands and the questions still open today. It considers the early phases of the evolution of the law of the sea up to the end of the nineteenth century followed by, in more detail, developments that took place in the twentieth century up until the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea. This fundamental event in the history of the law of the sea in the twentieth century is the basis of the international law of the sea of today, and is dealt with in subsequent chapters of this Handbook.

scholarly journals Szklary nickel deposit — a review and introduction to attempts in hydrometallurgical processing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wojciech Kaczan ◽  
Jan Kudełko ◽  
Herbert Wirth
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Heap Leaching ◽  
Nickel Deposit ◽  
Hydrometallurgical Processing ◽  
History Of ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Future Project ◽  
Pilot Tests

AbstractSzklary Massif is situated about 60 km from Wrocław (southwestern Poland) and around 7 km from Ząbkowice Śląskie. The history of raw materials in this region started in the fifteenth century with the discovery of precious minerals like chrysoprase, chalcedony, and opal. The exploitation of nickel ore in this region started in the nineteenth century and was conducted with few stops until 1983. The remaining 17.21 mln mg of ore with 125,000 mg of nickel might be a chance to satisfy rising demand for raw materials used to develop electromobility. One of the crucial aspects regarding possible investment is the processing of ore. The pilot tests show the efficient use of heap leaching. The authors provide the future project in Szklary within the framework of circular economy.

scholarly journals The Impact of Circular Economy Development on China’s Industrial Management In The Age of Information

2021 ◽  
Vol 251 ◽  
pp. 01112
Author(s):  
Bihan Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Circular Economy ◽  
Corporate Management ◽  
Industrial Management ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Economic Growth Model ◽  
Big Data Applications ◽  
Management Concepts ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Age Of Information

Since the 1990s, circular economy has appeared in China and has gradually developed and grown. In recent years, with the development of information and the popularization of big data applications, circular economy has become the mainstream economic growth model China pursued. The concept of circular economy has also had a profound impact on China’s corporate management. This article introduces the history of the development of human economy and the connotation of circular economy as well as the development history and development model of China’s circular economy. It also discusses the impact of circular economy development on the management concepts and management methods of China’s agricultural and industrial enterprises in the age of information.

scholarly journals THE CONCEPT OF UKRAINIAN DIALECTS GENETIC UNITY IN V.M. HANTSOV’S LINGUISTIC HERITAGE

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (9(77)) ◽  
pp. 143-146
Author(s):  
Ljudmila Dovbnia ◽  
Tamara Tovkaylo
Keyword(s):  
Left Bank ◽  
The West ◽  
World Community ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
Professional Authority ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historic Development ◽  
Phonetic Features ◽  
General Linguistic ◽  
Theoretic Description

Continuing the series of papers on the history of personalized Ukrainian linguistics, we should mention that V.M. Hantsov made a considerable contribution into native linguistic research development. Due to his unfortunate fate, he created few works, nevertheless they are of great scientific importance. The scientist’s studies became an important stage in the development of Ukrainian dialectology, historic phonetics, lexicography as well as standard language normalization including its orthography. A great scientist’s sense of nationhood and his significant professional authority were acknowledged and properly appreciated by the world scientific community. V.Hantsov had tirelessly worked in the field of standard Ukrainian language normalization, in particular, he took an active part in Kharkiv orthographic committee’s activities. It was him, who wrote a chapter on invariable words orthography (1926) and the Academic Russian-Ukrainian dictionary. In the article, the authors presented an analysis of selected scientific works by V.M. Hantsov’s, a well-known Ukrainian scholar, dialectologist, language historian and lexicographer, who made great contribution into Ukrainian language normalization concerning its orthography, lexicological and word-formative processes. The authors analyzed this scientist’s study on the special features of Kozelets dialects in Chernihiv Region, which created an overall picture of North Ukrainian dialects and presented their division into three groups: the East one (Left Bank), the Central one and the West one. When working on the orthoepic peculiarities of North Ukrainian dialects, V.Hantsov paid special attention to diphthongs correcting his predecessors’ scientific research. The scholar made a theoretic description of diphthongs, ascertained their role in the system of North Ukrainian dialects as well as in the historic development in general. When the scientist made a research on the phonetic features of diphthongs, he proved the historical unity of Ukrainian dialects. The history of Ukrainian vocalism development was repeatedly chosen as the object of V.Hantsov’s scientific interests. Referring to consonantism, the scholar justly states that Proto-Slavonic reflex *dj underwent different transformations in Ukrainian and other languages. We should admit that during his short periods of freedom, V.M. Hantsov managed to present to the Ukrainian and world community an example of civil courage, dignity and decency as well as a scientific interpretation of certain general linguistic ideas, dialectological explanations, historic phonetic descriptions, lexicographic works. All of this is a great impulse to develop modern linguistic studies.

scholarly journals Material Efficiency design strategies for the circular transition

2021 ◽  
pp. 86-95
Author(s):  
Ilaria Montella ◽  
Paola Marrone
Keyword(s):  
Circular Economy ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Design Strategies ◽  
Carbon Neutrality ◽  
Material Efficiency ◽  
History Of ◽  
Circular Design

The history of lightness might not only recount aeroplanes and low-density materials, it might also speak of a need for dematerialisation consistent with the control of resource consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Following the Paris Agreement, carbon neutrality policies had initially focused on mitigation actions for energy efficiency and low-carbon sources. Although crucial for the materials industry, other strategies, especially on the demand side, are possible to reduce their production. In the context of the circular economy applied to the built environment, Material Efficiency (ME) constitutes a set of actions for circular design for which functions, configurations and construction processes need to be reinvented.

Religion and the History of Education

2019 ◽  
pp. 444-458
Author(s):  
James W. Fraser ◽  
Diane L. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Oral Traditions ◽  
Formal Schooling ◽  
Government Schools ◽  
The Public ◽  
Proper Role ◽  
Nation States ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historic Development ◽  
Role Of Religion

This chapter describes how the historic development of different nation-states around the world, as well as the diverse understandings of the term “religion” in different places at different times, shape the understanding of the proper role of religion in the public and government schools of different countries. From indigenous practices where oral traditions and ritual observances first transmitted cultural values, to formal schooling in religious and vocational education, and to the development of education for elites and the earliest universal education up to the present day, religion has been an influential force in formal and informal decisions about education. Examining the religious, educational, and political histories of select countries in Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America, and North America, the chapter explores the complex interaction of history, religious influences, and assumptions about schooling, all of which lead to a great diversity of practices in the schools of the twenty-first century.

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