scholarly journals Spatial Justice Models: An Exploratory Analysis on Fair Distribution of Opportunities

2021 ◽  
pp. 674-683
Author(s):  
Fillipe Oliveira Feitosa ◽  
Jan-Hendrik Wolf ◽  
João Lourenço Marques
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Spatial Configuration ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Factor ◽  
Facility Location Problem ◽  
Function Optimization ◽  
Spatial Justice ◽  
Decision Systems ◽  
Distribution Of Resources

AbstractEquity, fairness, and justice are related concepts widely discussed in several areas of study but remain an open field in terms of spatial justice and support decision systems application. Uneven spatial development have shown a tendency to amplify social inequalities alongside territories. To better understand the spatial configuration and spatial distribution of resources for different social groups, multiple objective criteria can be used to formulate optimal resource allocation. This work discusses spatial justice by utilitarianism and Rawlsian difference principle perspectives to formulate two models based on facility location problem (FLP) framework. Assuming the proximity to a desired opportunity (service or resource) as a measure of wellbeing and satisfaction, we weight the distances to the nearest facility by a social factor based on exponential function. Optimization results tend to favor outliers for weighted FLP, while the regular distances FLP formulation tend to favor heavy urban areas. We found that results are heavy context based, as the distribution of social groups are determinant in optimization process.

Digital Entrepreneurship for Rural Youth: Entrepreneurial Process

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-76
Author(s):  
Wawan Dhewanto ◽  
Salma Azzahra ◽  
Vania NR Rhommadhonni ◽  
Fera Yunita
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Rural Youth ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Entrepreneurial Process ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
United Nation ◽  
Digital Entrepreneurship

The young generation has a very important role as the nation's next generation, so it needs special attention to make them strong and independent figures. The young age phase is also a determining gate for the future after completing education (United Nation, 2013). Unfortunately, in Indonesia the number of young unemployed reaches 22.48% (Central Bureau of Statistics, 2018). Under these conditions, one of the efforts that can be done to reduce the unemployment rate is through an entrepreneurial program (Fatoki, 2014). This is a challenge for all parties because Rahmatiah et al (2019) states that currently the young generation of Indonesia is still difficult to become entrepreneurs. Moreover, competition in the 4.0 industrial revolution era is getting tougher. For entrepreneurs in rural areas, the challenges faced are greater than those who live in urban areas (Azzahra & Dhewanto, 2017), however by utilizing digital technology and becoming digital entrepreneurs, rural residents are able to compete, minimize social inequalities and accelerate economic growth (Ratten, 2018 ). Only a few young people have the talent and interest to run a business (Ceptureanu & Ceptueanu, 2015). Therefore an in-depth study of the interests and entrepreneurial processes for rural youth to become a digital entrepreneur is needed. This research was conducted in order to have young digital entrepreneurs who came from rural areas to be able to compete in this 4.0 industry era. Thus, the research questions in this study are: (1). Why does rural youth want to be a digital entrepreneur? How is the entrepreneurial process of rural youth to become digital entrepreneurs? Keywords: Digital Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurial Process, Rural Youth

scholarly journals Implications of Autonomous Vehicles for Accessibility and Transport Equity: A Framework Based on Literature

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4448
Author(s):  
Alberto Dianin ◽  
Elisa Ravazzoli ◽  
Georg Hauger
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Model ◽  
Transport System ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Social Accessibility ◽  
The Relationship

Increasing accessibility and balancing its distribution across space and social groups are two fundamental goals to make transport more sustainable and equitable. In the next decades, autonomous vehicles (AVs) could significantly transform the transport system, influencing accessibility and transport equity. In particular, depending on the assumed features of AVs (e.g., private or collective) and the considered spatial, social, and regulative context (e.g., rural or urban areas), impacts may be very different. Nevertheless, research in this field is still limited, and the relationship between AV assumptions and accessibility impacts is still partially unclear. This paper aims to provide a framework of the key and emerging aspects related to the implications of AVs for accessibility and transport equity. To set this framework, we perform an analysis of the scientific literature based on a conceptual model describing the implications of AVs for the distribution of accessibility across space and social groups. We recognize four main expected impacts of AVs on accessibility: (1) accessibility polarization, (2) accessibility sprawl, (3) exacerbation of social accessibility inequities, and (4) alleviation of social accessibility inequities. These impacts are described and analyzed in relation to the main AV assumptions expected to trigger them through different mechanisms. Based on the results, some recommendations for future studies intending to focus on the relation between AVs, accessibility, and transport equity are provided.

scholarly journals Substantiation of Loading Hub Location for Electric Cargo Bikes Servicing City Areas with Restricted Traffic

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 839
Author(s):  
Vitalii Naumov
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Facility Location Problem ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Hub Location ◽  
Efficiency Criterion ◽  
Logistics Systems ◽  
Transport Services ◽  
Total Transport ◽  
Mode Of Transport ◽  
Python Programming

Electric cargo bicycles have become a popular mode of transport for last-mile goods deliveries under conditions of restricted traffic in urban areas. The indispensable elements of the cargo bike delivery systems are loading hubs: they serve as intermediate points between vans and bikes ensuring loading, storage, and e-vehicle charging operations. The choice of the loading hub location is one of the basic problems to be solved when designing city logistics systems that presume the use of electric bicycles. The paper proposes an approach to justifying the location of a loading hub based on computer simulations of the delivery process in the closed urban area under the condition of stochastic demand for transport services. The developed mathematical model considers consignees and loading hubs as vertices in the graph representing the transport network. A single request for transport services is described based on the set of numeric parameters, among which the most significant are the size of the consignment, its dimensions, and the time interval between the current and the previous requests for deliveries. The software implementation of the developed model in Python programming language was used to simulate the process of goods delivery by e-bikes for two cases—the synthetically generated rectangular network and the real-world case of the Old Town district in Krakow, Poland. The loading hub location was substantiated based on the simulation results from a set of alternative locations by using the minimum of the total transport work as the efficiency criterion. The obtained results differ from the loading hub locations chosen with the use of classical rectilinear and center-of-gravity methods to solve a simple facility location problem.

Social Fragmentation of Industrial Workforces. Yugoslav Motor Vehicle Industry During Self-Managed Socialism

2014 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrike Schult
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Self Management ◽  
Complex Environments ◽  
Archival Material ◽  
Communist Ideology ◽  
The Social ◽  
White Collar Workers

AbstractThe article addresses the social differentiation among industrial workforces in two Yugoslav motor-vehicle factories in the period between 1965 and 1985. Along which lines did social inequalities, which were negated in official communist ideology manifest and how were they articulated? How were they dealt with in the complex environments of self-managed enterprises in respect to the official doctrine? Based on archival material from factory archives, the League of Communists and the socialist mass organisations and on published sources such as factory newspapers, the industrial workforces are described as heterogeneous with shifting affiliations between its sub-groups. Three dividing factors (1. blue-collar vs. white collar workers, 2. gender and 3. profession) are examined. Intersectional entanglements can be found, which systematically accumulated social advantages for certain social groups. Serbian and Slovene enterprises demonstrate many comparable tendencies. In reaction, official ideology attempted to detract attention from social stratification, employing symbolic recognition and calls for greater implementation of the principles of self-management.

scholarly journals Entrepreneurial Intention of Young Generation in Metropolis

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-187
Author(s):  
Santirianingrum Soebandhi ◽  
Sugito Muzaki ◽  
Agus Sukoco
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Social Norm ◽  
Social Factor ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intention ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Positive Contribution ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Minimum Education

Purpose: This study is aimed to analyze entrepreneurial intention of youth during the process towards young entrepreneur that is intellectually, mentally, and economically independent, approached by planned behavior principles. Design/methodology/approach: The quantitative research method with three variables (attitude, social norm and behavior) was used as the predictor of young entrepreneurial intention. The respondents are 127 young adult aged 18-28 years old with High School/Vocational School as their minimum education and domiciled in Surabaya and Sidoarjo. Likert scale with 5 levels was used as the research questionnaire, distributed with two methods that are filling out the questionnaire by online and manually. Findings:  The result shows that attitude, social norm and behavior variable give positive contribution in creating young generation entrepreneurial intention in metropolis. Indicator which gives strong contribution in triggering entrepreneurial intention of young generator is that the paradigm of being entrepreneur is able to give benefits, satisfaction and as a choice. Social factor encouraging establishing the businesses are friends and relatives. Behaviors impelling it are the feeling of being able and having enough knowledge in starting the business as well as able to manage the business. The constraints are coming from little encouragement of family and low belief for getting success. Research limitations/implications: This study was conducted in two urban areas in East Java. Further research can be done on a wider area. Practical implications: Entrepreneurial intention of youth is unique inasmuch as it has environment and complexity characteristics which enables to give impact towards society.  Originality/value: This study focuses on urban areas with young adults respondents which can provide new references to factors that may encourage or hamper their interest in becoming entrepreneurs Paper type: Research paper

scholarly journals RURAL URBAN MIGRATION AND WOMEN IN URBAN SLUMS OF KARACHI

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-91
Author(s):  
Shagufta Nasreen ◽  
Asma Manzoor
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Development Planning ◽  
Urban Slums ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Distribution Of Resources ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Questionnaire Method

Poverty creates many problems. Out of which one major problem is an increase in migration rate. In Pakistan, the rate of inter province and rural urban migration has increased in the last few years resulting in an expansion in urban population. The objective of this study was to explore the experience of women who have migrated from rural to urban areas with their families and are living in urban slums. Moreover, the study aims to explore the reasons of migration from rural to urban areas, the change occurred in their living conditions and their level of satisfaction. Total 100 women from selected katchi abadis (urban slums) of Karachi and were in-depth interviewed through questionnaire method. To have an in depth analysis of the situation, both open and closed ended questions were included. Results show that most of these women have migrated with their families due to poverty. The need is to take decisions that promote equity and social justice. The distribution of resources and development planning need to focus on the need of urban and rural areas on equal bases because just moving towards metropolitan city does not change their living rather it is deteriorating the situation.

ASSESSMENT OF IMMUNIZATION OF UNDER FIVE CHILDREN OF RURAL AND URBAN AREAS OF UDAIPUR DISTRICT, RAJASTHAN

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-6
Author(s):  
Ganesh Salvi ◽  
Maitri Hathi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Health Education ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
The Impact

Background: The impact of immunization is not uniform in different social groups till today despite of EPI since long. Current study was held to assess the level of knowledge and actual practice of immunization by mothers of under ve children in a rural and urban belt of Udaipur district. A cross sect Methods: ional study was conducted in blocks Binder, Badgav, Ladiya , Kotra, Girva and Salumber of Udaipur district. Randomly 400 families (200 urban, 200 rural) were selected. Ample health education should be given to parents residing in rural areas to rai Result and conclusion: se their knowledge regarding immunization. In rural areas anganwadi workers, ASHA etc should play a signicant role in bringing awareness about immunization and their benets. The group based approach, frequent camps would be more rewarding compared to area approach due to poor socio-economic development of marginalized group likes rural area for programmes like immunization of children.

Urban gardening and spatial justice from a mid-size city perspective: the case of Ortobello Urban Garden

2019 ◽  
pp. 74-90
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Aliperti ◽  
Silvia Sarti
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Participatory Planning ◽  
Spatial Justice ◽  
Urban Gardening ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Urban Sites

The increasing number of metropolitan areas worldwide suggests to more in-depth investigate metropolitan neighbourhoods in order to explain the complex social dynamics emerging in these new contexts. As a matter of fact, the majority of the existing studies on spatial justice provided analyses and investigations focused on metropolitan settings. However, the issue of spatial justice also involves smaller urban areas and further research is needed in that sense. Our investigation analyses a case study of urban gardening that has been developed with the aim of valorising the central neighbourhood of an Italian mid-size city through proposing participatory planning interventions and requalification of urban sites. The urban gardening initiative has included several actors within the process of implementation. The investigated group of people potentially subjected to the spatial injustice is formed by the residents and the local retailers. A comparison between different stakeholders’ perspectives is provided in order to measure the positive and negative impacts of the initiative on the local community.

Social Inequalities

2019 ◽  
pp. 646-652
Author(s):  
Raj Kollmorgen
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Social Inequality ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Relative Deprivation ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
Social Transformations ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Impact

Social inequality means the existence of social status groups and, therefore, a normatively embedded structure of social stratification. This chapter deals with social inequalities and their dynamics as conditional and causal factors and as results of processes of radical change. Concerning the first aspect, the chapter discusses social class inequalities and dynamics of (absolute) impoverishment, relative deprivation, and rising expectations among certain social groups that may determine ‘transformative’ pressure or even revolutionary situations. Regarding the impact of social transformations on social inequalities, the chapter suggests that the more radical and complex the social transformations, the greater are their effects on social structures and regimes of social inequality. This thesis is underpinned by providing empirical findings on social mobility and income inequality in different historical waves and (sub-)types of transformation. Finally, the chapter identifies seven crucial bundles of factors determining the extent of income inequality as an outcome of current societal transformations and their characteristics.

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