Mediation in Germany: Finding the Right Balance between Regulation and Self-Regulation

Author(s):  
Burkhard Hess ◽  
Nils Pelzer
Keyword(s):  
Author(s):  
Evan Osborne

Does humanity progress primarily through leaders organizing and directing followers, or through trial and error by individuals free to chart their own path? For most of human history ruling classes had the capacity and the desire to tightly regiment society, to the general detriment of progress. But beginning in the 1500s, Europeans developed a series of arguments for simply leaving well enough alone. First in the form of the scientific method, then in the form of free expression, and finally in the form of the continuously, spontaneously reordered free market, people began to accept that progress is hard, and requires that an immense number of mistakes be tolerated so that we may learn from them. This book tells the story of the development of these three ideas, and for the first time tells of the mutual influence among them. It outlines the rise, and dramatic triumph, of each of these self-regulating systems, followed by a surprising rise in skepticism, especially in the economic context. Such skepticism in the 20th century was frequently costly and sometimes catastrophic. Under the right conditions, which are more frequent than generally believed, self-regulating systems in which participants organize themselves are superior. We should accept their turbulence in exchange for the immense progress they generate.


2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 313-319
Author(s):  
Benedikt Buchner

AbstractIndustry-sponsored medical education is a much disputed issue. So far, there has been no regulatory framework which provides clear and definite rules as to whether and under what circumstances the sponsorship of medical education is acceptable. State regulation does not exist, or confines itself to a very general principle. Professional regulation, even though applied frequently, is rather vague and indefinite, raising the general question as to whether self-regulation is the right approach at all. Certainly, self-regulation by industry cannot and should not replace other regulatory approaches. Ultimately, advertising law in general and the European Directive 2001/83/EC specifically, might be a good starting point in providing legal certainty and ensuring the independence of medical education. Swiss advertising law illustrates how the principles of the European Directive could be implemented clearly and unambiguously.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-41
Author(s):  
Donato VESE

Governments around the world are strictly regulating information on social media in the interests of addressing fake news. There is, however, a risk that the uncontrolled spread of information could increase the adverse effects of the COVID-19 health emergency through the influence of false and misleading news. Yet governments may well use health emergency regulation as a pretext for implementing draconian restrictions on the right to freedom of expression, as well as increasing social media censorship (ie chilling effects). This article seeks to challenge the stringent legislative and administrative measures governments have recently put in place in order to analyse their negative implications for the right to freedom of expression and to suggest different regulatory approaches in the context of public law. These controversial government policies are discussed in order to clarify why freedom of expression cannot be allowed to be jeopardised in the process of trying to manage fake news. Firstly, an analysis of the legal definition of fake news in academia is presented in order to establish the essential characteristics of the phenomenon (Section II). Secondly, the legislative and administrative measures implemented by governments at both international (Section III) and European Union (EU) levels (Section IV) are assessed, showing how they may undermine a core human right by curtailing freedom of expression. Then, starting from the premise of social media as a “watchdog” of democracy and moving on to the contention that fake news is a phenomenon of “mature” democracy, the article argues that public law already protects freedom of expression and ensures its effectiveness at the international and EU levels through some fundamental rules (Section V). There follows a discussion of the key regulatory approaches, and, as alternatives to government intervention, self-regulation and especially empowering users are proposed as strategies to effectively manage fake news by mitigating the risks of undue interference by regulators in the right to freedom of expression (Section VI). The article concludes by offering some remarks on the proposed solution and in particular by recommending the implementation of reliability ratings on social media platforms (Section VII).


2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ni Luh Arick Istriyanti ◽  
Nicholas Simarmata

  Adolescences have many developmental tasks. Some of them are getting involved into social role and capable of doing a proper career planning. When adolescences are faced by the strict culture, like Balinese Teenage Girls who involved into sekaa teruna organization, they have to actively participate in every cultural activity as a part of social role, and also doing career planning for their future’s preparation. In doing career planning, adolescences need the ability to manage their potential and retrieved information without ignoring their social roles. Therefore, Balinese Teenage Girls need to find the right way to do career planning and fulfill their social roles that are have a good self-regulation. Because of that researcher assumed that there is a positive relationship between self-regulation and career planning of Balinese Teenage Girls.   This research method is quantitative-correlation, using 135 subjects that are Balinese Teenage Girls who joined sekaa teruna organization in Badung and their age ranges from 15-20 years old. Method used for collecting the data is questionnaire which is self-regulation scale and career planning scale. The reliability of self-regulation variable is 0.916 and for the career planning variable is 0.911. The normality of self-regulation variable is 0.098 and for the career planning variable is 0.269. The linearity between self-regulation variable and career planning variable is 0.000. The determination coefficient is 0.354. The analysis method is Pearson product moment correlation techniques. The correlation coefficient is 0.595 with 0.000 probabilities. It is proved there is a positive relationship between self-regulation and career planning of Balinese Teenage Girls.   Keywords: Self-Regulation, Career Planning, Balinese Teenage Girls  


1960 ◽  
Vol 198 (3) ◽  
pp. 552-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred S. Grodins ◽  
William H. Stuart ◽  
Rodney L. Veenstra

In eight dogs under morphine-barbital anesthesia, the right ventricle was replaced by a sigmamotor pump in order to study steady-state responses of circuit pressures to arbitrary variations in ‘right heart’ output. In the systemic circuit, it was found that arterial pressure (PAS, mm Hg) was a positive and venous pressure (PVS, mm Hg) a negative function of pump output (Q, cc/min). In the pulmonary circuit, both arterial (PAP) and left atrial (PLA) pressures were positive functions of pump output. Despite considerable variations in detail between animals, individual animal pressure-flow curves could all be represented to a reasonable degree of approximation by linear functions within the range of the data. Average regression equations for the eight animals were: PAS = 18.3 + 0.0639Q, PVS = 20.2 – 0.0124Q, (PAS – PVS) = 0.0756Q – 1.59 PAP = 11.2 + 0.0151Q, PLA = 7.0 + 0.00208Q, and (PAP – PLA) - 3.9 + 0.0154Q. These results were interpreted in terms of a quantitative theory of mechanical self-regulation in the cardiovascular system.


2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurie Wideman ◽  
Susan D. Calkins ◽  
James A. Janssen ◽  
Cheryl A. Lovelady ◽  
Jessica M. Dollar ◽  
...  

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Weidong Cai ◽  
Katherine Duberg ◽  
Aarthi Padmanabhan ◽  
Rachel Rehert ◽  
Travis Bradley ◽  
...  

Abstract Inhibitory control is fundamental to children’s self-regulation and cognitive development. Here we investigate cortical-basal ganglia pathways underlying inhibitory control in children and their adult-like maturity. We first conduct a comprehensive meta-analysis of extant neurodevelopmental studies of inhibitory control and highlight important gaps in the literature. Second, we examine cortical-basal ganglia activation during inhibitory control in children ages 9–12 and demonstrate the formation of an adult-like inhibitory control network by late childhood. Third, we develop a neural maturation index (NMI), which assesses the similarity of brain activation patterns between children and adults, and demonstrate that higher NMI in children predicts better inhibitory control. Fourth, we show that activity in the subthalamic nucleus and its effective connectivity with the right anterior insula predicts children’s inhibitory control. Fifth, we replicate our findings across multiple cohorts. Our findings provide insights into cortical-basal ganglia circuits and global brain organization underlying the development of inhibitory control.


2021 ◽  
pp. 7-16
Author(s):  
V. F. Popondopoulo ◽  

The article examines the issues of differentiation of the regulation of public relations, defined primarily by the differentiation of public relations, and then inherent in their legal forms (based on self-regulation) and external regulatory forms (based on power regulations). The need to renounce the traditional differentiation of the right to industry, including its division into so-called private and public law, is justified because it reflects external forms of expression of law, i.e. differentiation of legislation governing a variety of public relations, divided into private and public relations. The notion of dualism (pluralism) of the law must be replaced (or at least interpreted) with the notion of dualism of the regulation of public relations, meaning legal and regulatory regulation, with all the ensuing consequences. Such an approach implies the need to clarify the entire terminology range of jurisprudence. This article discusses issues such as the legal and regulatory regime (mechanism) of public relations regulation, legal and regulatory principles for regulating public relations, legal and regulatory legal facts, as circumstances that are the basis for the emergence, change and termination of legal relations and power relations.


2020 ◽  
pp. 28-32
Author(s):  
Bulaga K.M.

У статті охарактеризовано поняття навчальної діяльності вихованців дитячого хореографічного колективу як специфічного виду цілеспрямованої діяльності з оволодіння системою хореографічних знань як інформації, що підлягає опануванню, хореографічних умінь та навичок як способів діяль-ності, досвіду хореографічної творчості та емоційно-морального сприйняття хореографічних творів, що дає нам уявлення про взаємозв’язок процесів навчання й опанування хореографічного мистецтва. На основі аналізу психолого-педагогічної літератури виокремлено чотири структурні компоненти навчальної діяльності вихованців дитячого хореографічного колективу: мотиваційний, цільовий, діяль-нісно-творчий та рефлексивно-суб’єктний. З’ясовано, що мотиваційний компонент навчальної діяльно-сті вихованців дитячого хореографічного колективу відбиває систему мотивів (внутрішніх та зовніш-ніх), які спонукають дітей до занять з хореографії, формують потребу в навчанні, опануванні різних видів танцю, сприяють вдосконаленню, саморозвитку, а також підвищують рівень особливих інтересів та захоплень мистецтвом хореографії, зацікавленість та активну участь у виконавчій, імпровізаційній та творчій танцювальній діяльності. Цільовий компонент навчальної діяльності вихованців дитячого хореографічного колективу відбиває процес постановки мети, її деталізації та завдань, спрямованих на оволодіння системою хореографічних знань, умінь та навичок, уявлення про майбутні труднощі, умо-ви виконання завдань, обсяг знань, прийомів, засобів і способів досягнення мети. Діяльнісно-творчий компонент навчальної діяльності вихованців дитячого хореографічного колективу відбиває систему вмінь і навичок як сукупності способів здійснення виконавчої, імпровізаційної та творчої танцювальної діяльності. Рефлексивно-суб’єктний компонент навчальної діяльності вихованців дитячого хореогра-фічного колективу відбиває вміння керувати своїм внутрішнім світом, рефлексувати, володіти собою, своїм настроєм, мімікою, жестами (саморегуляція), уміння швидко реагувати на поведінку оточуючих людей, уміння швидко приймати правильні рішення у різних складних ситуаціях навчально-виховно-го, постановчо-творчого та особливо фестивально-конкурсного етапів роботи колективу, формувати емоційну стабільність, найповніше використовувати свої потенційні можливості, викликати відчуття стриманої сили, упевненості в собі, енергійності, активності. The article describes the notion of educational activity of pupils of children’s choreographic collective as a specific type of purposeful activity on mastering the system of choreographic knowledge as information to be mastered, choreographic skills and skills as ways of activity, experience of choreographic creativity, the interconnection of the processes of learning and mastering choreographic art. The structural components of the educational activity of the pupils of the children’s choreographic team were found out: motivational, target, activity-creative and reflexive-subjective.The motivational component of the educational activities of the children of the choreographic team reflects the system of motives (internal and external) that encourage children to engage in choreography, training needs, mastering different types of dance, improvement, self-development, as well as the level of special interests and passion for their art, and active participation in the performing, improvisation and creative dance activities. The target component of the educational activities of the children of the choreographic team reflects the process of goal setting, its detail and tasks aimed at mastering the system of choreographic knowledge, skills, understanding of future difficulties, conditions of the tasks, the scope of knowledge, techniques, means and methods. The activity-creative component of the educational activity of the pupils of the children’s choreographic team reflects the system of skills as a set of ways of performing executive, improvisational and creative dance activities. Reflexive-subjective component reflects the ability to control their inner world, to reflect, to possess themselves, their mood, facial expressions, gestures (self-regulation), the ability to quickly respond to the behavior of others, the ability to quickly make the right decisions in various difficult situations educational – creative and especially festival-competitive stages of work of the collective.


2020 ◽  
pp. 7-15
Author(s):  
L.M. Parente

The article examines the historical and legal preconditions for the formation of self-regulation in Ukraine and other countries. On the basis of the conducted research, the peculiarities of the development of self-regulation in the territory of Ukraine in different historical periods are determined. The preconditions for the formation of the institution of self-regulation in the field of management and professional activity are described. It is determined that self-regulation has been inherent in society since the beginning of the primary forms of the common cause. The primary forms of SROs developed rules of professional activity, performed the functions of control and supervision due to the vacuum of state regulation in such areas. The peculiarity of such organizations was certain legalization by the state. Such SROs regulated their own activities at the level of development and adoption of local acts. A feature of national self-regulation was the transition from voluntary to compulsory regulation. to distinguish three periods of development of legislative support in the field of self-regulation. Declarative (from 1991 to 1996): this period is characterized by the formal consolidation at the legislative level of the right of participants in public relations to create an SRO. However, the status of SROs was practically not regulated at the legislative level. At the state level, there was no strategy for the development of self-regulation in the field of management and professional activities. Institutional (from 1996 to 2016): during this period the system of delegation of powers from public authorities of the SRO, the system of legalization of the SRO is introduced. However, the rules on SROs are still chaotic, there is no clear mechanism for control and supervision of SRO activities by public authorities, the concept of participation in SROs as business entities and persons of certain professions is not defined. In a number of areas, despite the consolidation of the right to create SROs at the level of laws, SROs have not worked. Reformation (from 2016 to the present): characterized by the development at the legislative level of the Concept of reforming the institution of self-regulation, which outlines the problematic issues of the institution of self-regulation in Ukraine, identifies areas for improvement. Keywords: self-regulation, a self-regulatory organization, the sphere of management, professional activity, a delegation of powers.


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