Campylobacter spp.: Capacity of Biofilm Formation and Other Strategies of Survival and Adaption to Remain in the Poultry Industry

Campylobacter jejuni is the most frequent cause of bacterial gastrointestinal food-borne infection worldwide. The transmission of Campylobacter and Arcobacter-like species is often made possible by their ability to adhere to various abiotic surfaces. This study is focused on monitoring the biofilm ability of 69 strains of Campylobacter spp. and lesser described species of the Arcobacteraceae family isolated from food, water, and clinical samples within the Czech Republic. Biofilm formation was monitored and evaluated under an aerobic/microaerophilic atmosphere after cultivation for 24 or 72 h depending on the surface material. An overall higher adhesion ability was observed in arcobacters. A chi-squared test showed no association between the origin of the strains and biofilm activity (p > 0.05). Arcobacter-like species are able to form biofilms under microaerophilic and aerobic conditions; however, they prefer microaerophilic environments. Biofilm formation has already been demonstrated at refrigerator temperatures (5 °C). Arcobacters also showed higher biofilm formation ability at the temperature of 30 °C. This is in contrast to Campylobacter jejuni NP 2896, which showed higher biofilm formation ability at temperatures of 5–30 °C. Overall, the results demonstrated the biofilm formation ability of many strains, which poses a considerable risk to the food industry, medical practice, and human health.

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MRSA and enterobacteria of one health concern in wild animals undergoing rehabilitation

Research Society and Development ◽

10.33448/rsd-v10i1.11809 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. e34810111809

Author(s):

Débora Rodrigues Silveira ◽

Thamíris Pereira de Moraes ◽

Kauana Kaefer ◽

Luiz Gustavo Bach ◽

Amanda de Oliveira Barbosa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

One Health ◽

Animal Species ◽

Health Concern ◽

Wild Animals ◽

Rehabilitation Center ◽

Rehabilitation Centers ◽

Wildlife Rehabilitation ◽

Campylobacter Spp

The presence of contaminated animals in wildlife rehabilitation centers poses a threat for both animals and humans that come into contact with them or the contaminated environment. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), as well as studying the biofilm formation capacity of these isolates, Yersinia enterocolitica, Salmonella enterica and Campylobacter spp. in wild animals from a rehabilitation center. During a two-year period, feces were collected from animals that were admitted to a wildlife rehabilitation center (n=324 samples). The pathogens were isolated from 51 (15.7%) animals of different species of mammals, birds and reptiles. Forty isolates (12.3%) were identified as S. aureus, of these, 32 (9.9%) were identified as MRSA and 72.5% were able to form biofilm. Y. enterocolitica was found in five mammals (5.1%), three reptiles (21.43%) and two birds (0.94%). Salmonella and Campylobacter were isolated from one bird each (0.67% and 0.67%, respectively). A wide diversity of animal species in rehabilitation centers, including birds, mammals and reptiles, can carry MRSA and enterobacteria of one health concern and eliminate in the feces. The presence of these pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract of wild animals admitted to a wildlife rehabilitation center shows the importance of microbiological monitoring of animals at the time of their admission and reinforces the need for specific hygienic-sanitary care.

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Isolation and molecular characterization of staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical cases in broilers

Kufa Journal For Veterinary Medical Sciences ◽

10.36326/kjvs/2020/0110204 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 42-62

Author(s):

Anas Almousawi ◽

Abdullah Alhatami ◽

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Susceptibility Test ◽

Poultry Industry ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility Test ◽

Class 1 ◽

Clinical Cases

Background: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) causes a difficult problem in the poultry industry because it causes diseases that are difficult to treat due to the resistance of these bacteria to antibiotics and their possession of a battery of virulence and resistance genes in addition to their ability to produce thick biofilms. Method: A cross-sectional study conducted to collect a total of 53 samples from different clinical cases in broilers during the period from August 2019 to February 2020 in Al-Najaf and Karbala cities, The clinical isolates were determined by using the conventional standard biochemical tests. All the specimens cultured on blood agar medium supplemented with 5% blood for primary isolation and selected by using selective media mannitol salt agar (MSA) for confirmation the mannitol fermentation, then subjected to gram’s staining, catalase, oxidase, and further slide coagulase test, then all S. aureus isolates tested by antibiotic susceptibility test, and screened for the presence of mecA and mecC genes using PCR for the detection of MRSA isolates, then subjected to the detection of virulence genes (pvl and eta), antibiotic resistance gene (cfr), identification of integron class 1, biofilm formation assay, the multi-druge resistance profiles (MDR) and multible antibiotics resistance (MAR) indexes were calculated. Results: the isolation rate of S. aureus from the broilers' clinical samples was 37.7%. The antibiotic susceptibility test revealed that 85% of S. aureus isolates were resistant to one or more of the antibiotic tested. All 53 isolates were assessed for the presence of mecA and mecC genes by using PCR. The mecA gene-specific PCR product was seen in 7 (35%) isolates and considered as MRSA. Among all S. aureus isolates, two isolates were positive for the eta gene, and 15 (75%) isolates harboring integron class 1, while the biofilm formation test revealed that 7 (35%) was positive biofilm producers and three of them were strong producers, consequentlly, 13 (65%) of the isolates were resisted to three or more antibiotics and considered as MDR strains. While pvl, cfr, and mecC gene were not detected among S. aureus isolates. Conclusion: the current study revealed that S. aureus possess a real threat in the poultry industry reflecting a public health problem due to the large acquisition of antibiotic resistance genes by these bacteria, the results indicated a high percentage of isolates having MDR characteristic, and two of them were resistant to all antibiotics tested. In addition to the presence of two MRSA isolates carrying the eta gene, this indicating that they are of human origin.

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Salmonella spp. in poultry: a constant challenge and new insights

Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society ◽

10.12681/jhvms.18012 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 69 (2) ◽

pp. 899 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. VELHNER ◽

D. MILANOV ◽

G. KOZODEROVIĆ

Keyword(s):

Lamina Propria ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Food Production ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Management Systems ◽

Poultry Industry ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Production Chain ◽

Plant Hosts ◽

Hostile Environments

The knowledge about virulence mechanisms, resistance to antimicrobial agents and the biofilm formation ability of Salmonella spp. in poultry industry has been expanded over the years. However, in spite of the research efforts and significant investments to improve management systems in poultry industry, it has become evident that none of the methods applied in all stages of food production chain are 100% effective in eliminating Salmonella spp. Different serovars are manifesting different mechanisms of invasiveness which depend on their ability to invade lower zones of the lamina propria, their ability to gain accesses to parenchymatous organs and survive in macrophages. The ubiquitous nature of Salmonella spp. due to their adaptation to animal and plant hosts, as well as their survival in hostile environments and their enhanced capacity to produce biofilms, contribute to a long lasting contamination of the environment, feed and animals. The emergency and spread of antimicrobial resistances in Salmonella spp. raise additional concerns.

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Biofilm formation by Salmonella sp. in the poultry industry: Detection, control and eradication strategies

Food Research International ◽

10.1016/j.foodres.2017.11.024 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 119 ◽

pp. 530-540 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Lina Merino ◽

Francisco Procura ◽

Fernando M. Trejo ◽

Dante J. Bueno ◽

Marina A. Golowczyc

Keyword(s):

Biofilm Formation ◽

Poultry Industry ◽

Control And Eradication

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An Investigation into the Critical Factors Influencing the Spread of Campylobacter during Chicken Handling in Commercial Kitchens in China

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9061164 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 1164

Author(s):

Honggang Lai ◽

Yuanyue Tang ◽

Fangzhe Ren ◽

Zeng Li ◽

Fengming Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biofilm Formation ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Human Infection ◽

Cross Contamination ◽

Critical Factors ◽

Sanitary Condition ◽

Chicken Carcass ◽

Handling Practices ◽

Sanitary Conditions ◽

Campylobacter Spp

Campylobacteriosis is the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Consumption of chicken meat is considered the main route for human infection with Campylobacter. This study aimed to determine the critical factors for Campylobacter cross-contamination in Chinese commercial kitchens during chicken handling. Five commercial kitchens were visited to detect Campylobacter occurrence from 2019 to 2020. Chicken samples (n = 363) and cotton balls from the kitchen surfaces (n = 479) were collected, and total bacterial counts and Campylobacter spp. were detected. Genotypic characterization of 57 Campylobacter jejuni isolates was performed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). In total, 77.41% of chicken carcass samples and 37.37% of kitchen surfaces showed Campylobacter spp. contamination. Before chicken preparation, Campylobacter spp. were already present in the kitchen environment; however, chicken handling significantly increased Campylobacter spp. prevalence (p < 0.05). After cleaning, boards, hands, and knives still showed high bacterial loads including Campylobacter spp., which related to poor sanitary conditions and ineffective handling practices. Poor sanitation conditions on kitchen surfaces offer greater opportunities for Campylobacter transmission. Molecular typing by MLST revealed that Campylobacter cross-contamination occurred during chicken preparation. The most prevalent sequence types, ST693 and ST45, showed strong biofilm formation ability. Consequently, sanitary condition of surfaces and biofilm formation ability of isolates were the critical points contributing to spread of Campylobacter in kitchen environment. These results provide insight into potential targeted control strategies along the farm-to-plate chain and highlight the necessity for improvements in sanitary conditions. The implementation of more effective cleaning measures should be considered to decrease the campylobacteriosis risk.

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Bacterial biofilm behavior in water-supply lines of dental units

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100124811 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 882-883

Author(s):

B.D. Tall ◽

K.S. George ◽

R. T. Gray ◽

H.N. Williams

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

Medical Devices ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Bacterial Biofilm

Studies of bacterial behavior in many environments have shown that most organisms attach to surfaces, forming communities of microcolonies called biofilms. In contaminated medical devices, biofilms may serve both as reservoirs and as inocula for the initiation of infections. Recently, there has been much concern about the potential of dental units to transmit infections. Because the mechanisms of biofilm formation are ill-defined, we investigated the behavior and formation of a biofilm associated with tubing leading to the water syringe of a dental unit over a period of 1 month.

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