MRSA and enterobacteria of one health concern in wild animals undergoing rehabilitation

The presence of contaminated animals in wildlife rehabilitation centers poses a threat for both animals and humans that come into contact with them or the contaminated environment. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), as well as studying the biofilm formation capacity of these isolates, Yersinia enterocolitica, Salmonella enterica and Campylobacter spp. in wild animals from a rehabilitation center. During a two-year period, feces were collected from animals that were admitted to a wildlife rehabilitation center (n=324 samples). The pathogens were isolated from 51 (15.7%) animals of different species of mammals, birds and reptiles. Forty isolates (12.3%) were identified as S. aureus, of these, 32 (9.9%) were identified as MRSA and 72.5% were able to form biofilm. Y. enterocolitica was found in five mammals (5.1%), three reptiles (21.43%) and two birds (0.94%). Salmonella and Campylobacter were isolated from one bird each (0.67% and 0.67%, respectively). A wide diversity of animal species in rehabilitation centers, including birds, mammals and reptiles, can carry MRSA and enterobacteria of one health concern and eliminate in the feces. The presence of these pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract of wild animals admitted to a wildlife rehabilitation center shows the importance of microbiological monitoring of animals at the time of their admission and reinforces the need for specific hygienic-sanitary care.

Download Full-text

Wild Animals Are Reservoirs and Sentinels of Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA Clones: A Problem with “One Health” Concern

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10121556 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 1556

Author(s):

Idris Nasir Abdullahi ◽

Rosa Fernández-Fernández ◽

Guillermo Juárez-Fernández ◽

Sandra Martínez-Álvarez ◽

Paula Eguizábal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

One Health ◽

Wild Birds ◽

Health Concern ◽

Effective Control ◽

Special Focus ◽

Wild Animals ◽

Wild Mammals ◽

Pooled Prevalence ◽

Spa Types

Background: The availability of comprehensive data on the ecology and molecular epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus/MRSA in wild animals is necessary to understand their relevance in the “One Health” domain. Objective: In this study, we determined the pooled prevalence of nasal, tracheal and/or oral (NTO) Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) carriage in wild animals, with a special focus on mecA and mecC genes as well as the frequency of MRSA and methicillin susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) of the lineages CC398 and CC130 in wild animals. Methodology: This systematic review was executed on cross-sectional studies that reported S. aureus and MRSA in the NTO cavities of wild animals distributed in four groups: non-human primates (NHP), wild mammals (WM, excluding rodents and NHP), wild birds (WB) and wild rodents (WR). Appropriate and eligible articles published (in English) between 1 January 2011 to 30 August 2021 were searched for from PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, SciElo and Web of Science. Results: Of the 33 eligible and analysed studies, the pooled prevalence of NTO S. aureus and MRSA carriage was 18.5% (range: 0–100%) and 2.1% (range: 0.0–63.9%), respectively. The pooled prevalence of S. aureus/MRSA in WM, NHP, WB and WR groups was 15.8/1.6, 32.9/2.0, 10.3/3.4 and 24.2/3.4%, respectively. The prevalence of mecC-MRSA among WM/NHP/WB/WR was 1.64/0.0/2.1/0.59%, respectively, representing 89.9/0.0/59.1/25.0% of total MRSA detected in these groups of animals.The MRSA-CC398 and MRSA-CC130 lineages were most prevalent in wild birds (0.64 and 2.07%, respectively); none of these lineages were reported in NHP studies. The MRSA-CC398 (mainly of spa-type t011, 53%), MRSA-CC130 (mainly of spa types t843 and t1535, 73%), MSSA-CC398 (spa-types t571, t1451, t6606 and t034) and MSSA-CC130 (spa types t843, t1535, t3625 and t3256) lineages were mostly reported. Conclusion: Although the global prevalence of MRSA is low in wild animals, mecC-mediated resistance was particularly prevalent among MRSA isolates, especially among WM and WB. Considering the genetic diversity of MRSA in wild animals, they need to be monitored for effective control of the spread of antimicrobial resistance.

Download Full-text

The effects of NX-AS-401 on methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus

10.23889/suthesis.59037 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Phillip Butterick

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Galleria Mellonella ◽

Standard Of Care ◽

Health Concern ◽

Current Standard ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Biofilm Development ◽

Strain Dependent

Antimicrobial resistance is a global health concern, with once treatable infections becoming resistant to current standard of care antimicrobials. The search for new antimicrobials has led Neem Biotech Ltd. to manufacture NX-AS-401 an ajoene containing compound derived from Allium sativuum, commonly known as garlic. The research contained within this thesis aimed to identify the effects of NX-AS-401 on Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), one of the most well documented and commonly isolated antimicrobial resistant bacterial pathogens. A multi-stage approach was utilised, identifying how NX-AS-401 affects planktonic growth, biofilm development and virulence factor production. In Chapters 3 and 4 initial comparison between different NX-AS-401 formulations was performed in determined that ajoene content did not alter the antimicrobial effect of NX-AS-401. EUCAST broth microdilution compared NX-AS-401 to current standard of care antibiotic and determined effective inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations as 128 µg/ml and 2048 µg/ml respectively. When NX-AS-401 was used in combination with various antibiotic classes a synergistic effect was identified and the inhibitory concentrations of both agents were reduced. The primary focus on Chapter 5 was how NX-AS-401 affected S. aureus biofilm formation. NX-AS-401 concentrations of 32 µg/ml inhibited biofilm formation and a concentration of 512 µg/ml caused disruption of pre-established biofilms. These effects were confirmed using scanning electron microscopy and confocal microscopy with live/dead staining. In gene expression studies it was determined that the effects of NX-AS-401 on S. aureus biofilms were strain dependent and a target gene was not identified. Chapter 6 demonstrated that NX-AS-401 did not alter the production of Staphylococcus aureus exo-enzyme production in vitro during phenotypic studies. In Galleria mellonella low NX-AS-401 concentrations assisted in the recovery from S. aureus in a strain dependent manner, however, high concentrations caused increased Galleria mellonella fatality. NX-AS-401 altered the ability of S. aureus cells to invade human epithelial cells but did not prevent adhesion of S. aureus to the cells. NX-AS-401 has multiple effects on S. aureus with the ability to affect both planktonic cells and biofilm structure showing promise as an antimicrobial. Its main effects are growth inhibition and biofilm disruption rather than causing bacterial cell death. These attributes and the synergistic effects between NX-AS-401 and multiple antibiotic classes, indicate NX-AS-401 has potential as a strong antimicrobial adjuvant.

Download Full-text

Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus by Free-Living Wild Animals in Spain

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.00647-14 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 80 (16) ◽

pp. 4865-4870 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

M. Concepción Porrero ◽

Gregorio Mentaberre ◽

Sergio Sánchez ◽

Pedro Fernández-Llario ◽

Encarna Casas-Díaz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Wild Boar ◽

Red Deer ◽

Animal Species ◽

Susceptibility Testing ◽

Wild Animals ◽

Free Living ◽

Content Type ◽

Griffon Vulture ◽

Iberian Ibex

ABSTRACTThe presence of methicillin-susceptibleStaphylococcus aureus(MSSA) was analyzed in different free-living wild animals to assess the genetic diversity and predominant genotypes on each animal species. Samples were taken from the skin and/or nares, and isolates were characterized byspatyping, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The proportion of MSSA carriers were 5.00, 22.93, 19.78, and 17.67% in Eurasian griffon vulture, Iberian ibex, red deer, and wild boar, respectively (P= 0.057). A higher proportion of isolates (P= 0.000) were recovered from nasal samples (78.51%) than skin samples (21.49%), but the 9.26% of red deer and 18.25% of wild boar would have been undetected if only nasal samples had been tested. Sixty-three differentspatypes were identified, including 25 newspatypes. The most common were t528 (43.59%) in Iberian ibex, t548 and t11212 (15.79% and 14.04%) in red deer, and t3750 (36.11%) in wild boar. By MLST, 27 STs were detected, of which 12 had not been described previously. The most frequent were ST581 for Iberian ibex (48.72%), ST425 for red deer (29.82%), and ST2328 for wild boar (42.36%). Isolates from Eurasian griffon vulture belong to ST133. Host specificity has been observed for the most frequentspatypes and STs (P= 0.000). The highest resistance percentage was found against benzylpenicillin (average, 22.2%), although most of theS. aureusisolates were susceptible to all antimicrobial tested. Basically, MSSA isolates were different from those MRSA isolates previously detected in the same animal species.

Download Full-text

Animal and Human Brucellosis in Pakistan

Frontiers in Public Health ◽

10.3389/fpubh.2021.660508 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Tariq Jamil ◽

Aman Ullah Khan ◽

Muhammad Saqib ◽

Muhammad Hammad Hussain ◽

Falk Melzer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

One Health ◽

Animal Species ◽

Health Hazard ◽

Health Concern ◽

Human Brucellosis ◽

The Past ◽

Contaminated Food ◽

The One ◽

And Control ◽

Insight Into

Brucellosis is a bacterial zoonotic disease that affects many animal species and can be transmitted to humans via direct contact or via contaminated food. Although brucellosis is a serious health hazard, its public health concern has been neglected in many countries. In some developing countries, such as Pakistan, where brucellosis is endemic, this disease continues to be of importance. A literature search for the past 11 years (2011–2021) provided a comprehensive insight into brucellosis in Pakistan. In this review, particular emphasis was placed on occurrence, diagnostic tests used, and prevention, treatment, and control in the context of the “One Health” approach.

Download Full-text

The Role of Staphylococcus aureus YycFG in Gene Regulation, Biofilm Organization and Drug Resistance

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10121555 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 1555

Author(s):

Shizhou Wu ◽

Junqi Zhang ◽

Qi Peng ◽

Yunjie Liu ◽

Lei Lei ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Drug Resistance ◽

Cell Wall ◽

Gene Regulation ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Antimicrobial Drug ◽

Health Concern ◽

Antimicrobial Drug Resistance ◽

Biofilm Development

Antibiotic resistance is a serious global health concern that may have significant social and financial consequences. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is responsible for substantial morbidity and leads to the death of 21.8% of infected patients annually. A lack of novel antibiotics has prompted the exploration of therapies targeting bacterial virulence mechanisms. The two-component signal transduction system (TCS) enables microbial cells to regulate gene expression and the subsequent metabolic processes that occur due to environmental changes. The YycFG TCS in S. aureus is essential for bacterial viability, the regulation of cell membrane metabolism, cell wall synthesis and biofilm formation. However, the role of YycFG-associated biofilm organization in S. aureus antimicrobial drug resistance and gene regulation has not been discussed in detail. We reviewed the main molecules involved in YycFG-associated cell wall biosynthesis, biofilm development and polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA) accumulation. Two YycFG-associated regulatory mechanisms, accessory gene regulator (agr) and staphylococcal accessory regulator (SarA), were also discussed. We highlighted the importance of biofilm formation in the development of antimicrobial drug resistance in S. aureus infections. Data revealed that inhibition of the YycFG pathway reduced PIA production, biofilm formation and bacterial pathogenicity, which provides a potential target for the management of MRSA-induced infections.

Download Full-text

icaA/D Genes and Biofilm Formation of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya

Folia Medica Indonesiana ◽

10.20473/fmi.v54i4.10709 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 54 (4) ◽

pp. 263

Author(s):

Putu Arya Suryanditha ◽

Yoeke Dewi Rasita ◽

Kartuti Debora ◽

K Kuntaman

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Meca Gene ◽

Clinical Isolates ◽

Health Concern ◽

Microtiter Plate Assay ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Biofilm Production ◽

Icad Gene

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a global health concern. One of the factors causing hospital infection is related to the ability of MRSA bacteria to form biofilms. Polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA), encoded by ica gene, have an important role in S. aureus intracellular accumulation and aggregation. The aims of this study was to analyze the relationship between icaA, icaD genes and biofilm production in MRSA carrier and clinical isolate in Dr. Soetomo Hospital Surabaya. This study was an observational study using cross sectional approach. The sample was 47 MRSA isolates is as follow 28 isolates from carrier and 19 were clinical isolates. All of MRSA isolates carried mecA gene. PCR was performed to detect icaA and icaD genes. Biofilm formation was detected using microtiter plate assay (MTP). icaA gene was detected in all isolates whereas icaD gene in 96,4% carrier isolates and all (100%) of clinical isolates. Positive MTP results showed in all (100%) of carrier isolates and 57,9% of clinical isolates. Statistic result was significantly different in biofilm formation between carrier and clinical MRSA isolates. The proportion of positive biofilm formation in isolate with positive icaA/D genes was 82.6%. There was not any association between icaA and icaD gene with biofilm production.

Download Full-text

c-di-GMP (3′-5′-Cyclic Diguanylic Acid) Inhibits Staphylococcus aureus Cell-Cell Interactions and Biofilm Formation

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.49.3.1029-1038.2005 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 49 (3) ◽

pp. 1029-1038 ◽

Cited By ~ 99

Author(s):

David K. R. Karaolis ◽

Mohammed H. Rashid ◽

Rajanna Chythanya ◽

Wensheng Luo ◽

Mamoru Hyodo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Alkali Treatment ◽

Physiological Saline ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Major Effect ◽

Health Concern ◽

Nucleotide Analogs ◽

Adhesive Interactions

ABSTRACT Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogen of humans and animals, and antibiotic resistance is a public health concern. Biofilm formation is essential in virulence and pathogenesis, and the ability to resist antibiotic treatment results in difficult-to-treat and persistent infections. As such, novel antimicrobial approaches are of great interest to the scientific, medical, and agriculture communities. We recently proposed that modulating levels of the cyclic dinucleotide signaling molecule, c-di-GMP (cyclic diguanylate [3′,5′-cyclic diguanylic acid], cGpGp), has utility in regulating phenotypes of prokaryotes. We report that extracellular c-di-GMP shows activity against human clinical and bovine intramammary mastitis isolates of S. aureus, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates. We show that chemically synthesized c-di-GMP is soluble and stable in water and physiological saline and stable following boiling and exposure to acid and alkali. Treatment of S. aureus with extracellular c-di-GMP inhibited cell-to-cell (intercellular) adhesive interactions in liquid medium and reduced (>50%) biofilm formation in human and bovine isolates compared to untreated controls. c-di-GMP inhibited the adherence of S. aureus to human epithelial HeLa cells. The cyclic nucleotide analogs cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP had a lesser inhibitory effect on biofilms, while 5′-GMP had no major effect. We propose that cyclic dinucleotides such as c-di-GMP, used either alone or in combination with other antimicrobial agents, represent a novel and attractive approach in the development of intervention strategies for the prevention of biofilms and the control and treatment of infection.

Download Full-text

Phenotypic and Molecular Detection of Biofilm Formation in Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Different Sources in Algeria

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens9020153 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 153 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rachid Achek ◽

Helmut Hotzel ◽

Ibrahim Nabi ◽

Souad Kechida ◽

Djamila Mami ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Animal Health ◽

Sccmec Type ◽

Meca Gene ◽

Regulatory Genes ◽

Health Concern ◽

Accessory Gene ◽

Group I ◽

Different Sources

Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic bacterium causing a wide variety of diseases. Biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus is of primary public and animal health concern. The purposes of the present study were to investigate the ability of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from animals, humans, and food samples to form biofilms and to screen for the presence of biofilm-associated and regulatory genes. In total, 55 Staphylococcus aureus isolated from sheep mastitis cases (n = 28), humans (n = 19), and from food matrices (n = 8) were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The ability of Staphylococcus aureus for slime production and biofilm formation was determined quantitatively. A DNA microarray examination was performed to detect adhesion genes (icaACD and biofilm-associated protein gene (bap)), genes encoding microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMMs), regulatory genes (accessory gene regulator (agr) and staphylococcal accessory regulator (sarA)), and the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec elements (SCCmec). Out of 55 Staphylococcus aureus isolates, 39 (71.0%) and 23 (41.8%) were producing slime and biofilm, respectively. All Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from food showed biofilm formation ability. 52.6% of the Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from sheep with mastitis, and 17.9% of isolates from humans, were able to form a biofilm. Microarray analysis typed the Staphylococcus aureus into 15 clonal complexes. Among all Staphylococcus aureus isolates, four of the human isolates (21.1%) harbored the mecA gene (SCCmec type IV) typed into 2 clonal complexes (CC22-MRSA-IV and CC80-MRSA-IV) and were considered as methicillin-resistant, while two of them were slime-producing. None of the isolates from sheep with mastitis harbored the cna gene which is associated with biofilm production. The fnbB gene was found in 100%, 60% and 40% of biofilm-producing Staphylococcus aureus isolated from food, humans, and sheep with mastitis, respectively. Three agr groups were present and agr group III was predominant with 43.6%, followed by agr group I (38.2%), and agr group II (18.2%). This study revealed the capacity of Staphylococcus aureus isolates to form biofilms and highlighted the genetic background displayed by Staphylococcus aureus isolates from different sources in Algeria.

Download Full-text

Molecular Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus Lineages in Wild Animals in Europe: A Review

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics9030122 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 122 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Vanessa Silva ◽

José L. Capelo ◽

Gilberto Igrejas ◽

Patrícia Poeta

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Direct Contact ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Health Concern ◽

Wild Animals ◽

Public Health Concern ◽

Free Living ◽

Resistance Determinants ◽

Opportunist Pathogen

Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunist pathogen that is responsible for numerous types of infections. S. aureus is known for its ability to easily acquire antibiotic resistance determinants. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is a leading cause of infections both in humans and animals and is usually associated with a multidrug-resistant profile. MRSA dissemination is increasing due to its capability of establishing new reservoirs and has been found in humans, animals and the environment. Despite the fact that the information on the incidence of MRSA in the environment and, in particular, in wild animals, is scarce, some studies have reported the presence of these strains among wildlife with no direct contact with antibiotics. This shows a possible transmission between species and, consequently, a public health concern. The aim of this review is to better understand the distribution, prevalence and molecular lineages of MRSA in European free-living animals.

Download Full-text

Transmission dynamics and susceptibility patterns of SARS-CoV-2 in domestic, farmed and wild animals: Sustainable One health surveillance for conservation and public health to prevent future epidemics and pandemics

10.22541/au.162626141.17912655/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ariful Islam ◽

Jinnat Ferdous ◽

Shariful Islam ◽

Md. Abu Sayeed ◽

Md Rahman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

One Health ◽

Animal Species ◽

Health Surveillance ◽

Transmission Dynamics ◽

Wild Animals ◽

Alpha Variant ◽

Natural Settings ◽

Free Ranging ◽

Susceptibility Patterns ◽

Exact Origin

The exact origin of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and source of introduction into humans has not been established yet, though it might be originated from animals. Therefore, we conducted a literature review to understand the putative reservoirs, transmission dynamics, and susceptibility patterns of SARS-CoV-2 in animals. Rhinolophu s bats are presumed to be natural progenitors of SARS-CoV-2 related viruses. Initially pangolin was thought to be the source of spillover to human, but they might get infected from human or other animal species. So, the virus spillover pathways to humans remain unknown. Human-to-animal transmission has been testified in pet, farmed, zoo and free-ranging wild animals. Infected animals can transmit the virus to other animals in natural settings like, mink-to-mink, and mink-to-cat transmission. Animal-to-human transmission is not a persistent pathway, while mink-to-human transmission continues to be illuminated. Multiple companion and captive wild animals were infected by emerging alpha variant of concern (B.1.1.7 lineage) whereas Asiatic lions were infected by delta variant, (B.1.617.2). To date, multiple animal species- cat, ferrets, non-human primates, hamsters, and bats, showed high susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 in experimental condition, while swine, poultry, cattle showed no susceptibility. The founding of SARS-CoV-2 in wild animal reservoirs can confronts the control of the virus in humans and might carry a risk to the welfare and conservation of wildlife as well. We suggest vaccinating pet, and captive animals to stop spillover and spillback events. We recommend sustainable one health surveillance at animal-human-environmental interface to detect and prevent future epidemics and pandemics by Disease X.

Download Full-text