An Economic Analysis of Liability and Compensation for Harm from Large-Scale Solar Climate Engineering Field Research

2017 ◽  
pp. 487-512
Author(s):  
Jesse L. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Climate Engineering

An Economic Analysis of Liability and Compensation for Harm from Large-Scale Field Research in Solar Climate Engineering

Climate Law ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (2-4) ◽  
pp. 182-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse L. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Climate Engineering ◽  
International Regulation ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
Climate Risks ◽  
Scale Field ◽  
Large Scale Field ◽  
State Liability

Solar climate engineering is under increasing consideration as a potential means to reduce climate change risks. Its field research may generate knowledge to reduce climate risks to humans and the environment and will, at a large-enough scale, pose its own risks, some of which will be of the transboundary kind. Liability or compensation for harm is frequently referenced as a possible component of international regulation of solar climate engineering but has been insufficiently developed. This article offers an economic analysis of the possible interrelated roles of rules, liability, and compensation in the future international regulation of large-scale field research in solar climate engineering. Notably, the benefits, risks, and incentives of climate-engineering research are unlike typical high-risk activities. The analysis proposes a hypothetical international agreement that links general and procedural rules for research, an international compensation fund, and limited, indirect state liability with a duty-of-care defence.

Bottlenecks in the Implementation of On-Site Wastewater Treatment Plants on a Large Scale in The Netherlands

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 291-298
Author(s):  
Frits A. Fastenau ◽  
Jaap H. J. M. van der Graaf ◽  
Gerard Martijnse
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Housing Stock ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Definition Of

More than 95 % of the total housing stock in the Netherlands is connected to central sewerage systems and in most cases the wastewater is treated biologically. As connection to central sewerage systems has reached its economic limits, interest in on-site treatment of the domestic wastewater of the remaining premises is increasing. A large scale research programme into on-site wastewater treatment up to population equivalents of 200 persons has therefore been initiated by the Dutch Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and Environment. Intensive field-research work did establish that the technological features of most on-site biological treatment systems were satisfactory. A large scale implementation of these systems is however obstructed in different extents by problems of an organisational, financial and/or juridical nature and management difficulties. At present research is carried out to identify these bottlenecks and to analyse possible solutions. Some preliminary results are given which involve the following ‘bottlenecks':-legislation: absence of co-ordination and absence of a definition of ‘surface water';-absence of subsidies;-ownership: divisions in task-setting of Municipalities and Waterboards; divisions involved with cost-sharing;-inspection; operational control and maintenance; organisation of management;-discharge permits;-pollution levy;-sludge disposal. Final decisions and practical elaboration of policies towards on-site treatment will have to be formulated in a broad discussion with all the authorities and interest groups involved.

scholarly journals Process Simulation and Techno-Economic Analysis of Large-Scale Bioproduction of Sweet Protein Thaumatin II

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 838
Author(s):  
Kirolos D. Kelada ◽  
Daniel Tusé ◽  
Yuri Gleba ◽  
Karen A. McDonald ◽  
Somen Nandi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Process Simulation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Recombinant Expression ◽  
Molecular Farming ◽  
Consumer Preference ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Sweet Proteins

There are currently worldwide efforts to reduce sugar intake due to the various adverse health effects linked with the overconsumption of sugars. Artificial sweeteners have been used as an alternative to nutritive sugars in numerous applications; however, their long-term effects on human health remain controversial. This led to a shift in consumer preference towards non-caloric sweeteners from natural sources. Thaumatins are a class of intensely sweet proteins found in arils of the fruits of the West-African plant Thaumatococcus daniellii. Thaumatins’ current production method through aqueous extraction from this plant and uncertainty of the harvest from tropical rainforests limits its supply while the demand is increasing. Despite successful recombinant expression of the protein in several organisms, no large-scale bioproduction facilities exist. We present preliminary process design, process simulation, and economic analysis for a large-scale (50 metric tons/year) production of a thaumatin II variant using several different molecular farming platforms.

scholarly journals Current Manifestations of the Ethnic Identity of Transylvanian Saxons

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-65
Author(s):  
Tomáš Drs
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Interethnic Relations ◽  
Evangelical Church ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Majority Culture ◽  
Future Direction ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The study ‘Current Manifestations of the Ethnic Identity of Transylvanian Saxons’ presents this ethnic minority in Romania. Based on the theoretical concepts of T. H. Eriksen, it deals with the issues of the ethnic identity and its contemporary manifestations in the culture of Transylvanian Saxons. Information gathered during the qualitative field research make it possible to capture changes in the manifestations of the ethnic identity and the relationship between the minority and the majority culture. As a result of modernization processes and large-scale emigration, there has been a change of the group’s mentality, with traditional behaviour patterns and models of social coexistence disintegrating. The need has arisen to revise the ethnic identity of the community. The observed aspects of the ethnic identity include ethnicity and Saxon self-concept, Saxon dialect, Saxon Evangelical Church, festivities, minority education and interethnic relations. Attention is also paid to the opinions of Saxon politicians and intellectuals of the current situation of the society and its future direction.

scholarly journals Climate engineering and the ocean: effects on biogeochemistry and primary production

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siv K. Lauvset ◽  
Jerry Tjiputra ◽  
Helene Muri
Keyword(s):  
Primary Production ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Stratospheric Aerosol ◽  
Climate Impacts ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Climate Engineering ◽  
Mean Sea Surface ◽  
Radiation Management

Abstract. Here we use an Earth System Model with interactive biogeochemistry to project future ocean biogeochemistry impacts from large-scale deployment of three different radiation management (RM) climate engineering (also known as geoengineering) methods: stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI), marine sky brightening (MSB), and cirrus cloud thinning (CCT). We apply RM such that the change in radiative forcing in the RCP8.5 emission scenario is reduced to the change in radiative forcing in the RCP4.5 scenario. The resulting global mean sea surface temperatures in the RM experiments are comparable to those in RCP4.5, but there are regional differences. The forcing from MSB, for example, is applied over the oceans, so the cooling of the ocean is in some regions stronger for this method of RM than for the others. Changes in ocean primary production are much more variable, but SAI and MSB give a global decrease comparable to RCP4.5 (~ 6 % in 2100 relative to 1971–2000), while CCT give a much smaller global decrease of ~ 3 %. The spatially inhomogeneous changes in ocean primary production are partly linked to how the different RM methods affect the drivers of primary production (incoming radiation, temperature, availability of nutrients, and phytoplankton) in the model. The results of this work underscores the complexity of climate impacts on primary production, and highlights that changes are driven by an integrated effect of multiple environmental drivers, which all change in different ways. These results stress the uncertain changes to ocean productivity in the future and advocates caution at any deliberate attempt for large-scale perturbation of the Earth system.

Optimal Design and Techno-Economic Analysis for Corncob Particles Briquettes: A Literature Review of the Utilization of Agricultural Waste and Analysis Calculation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asep Bayu Dani Nandiyanto ◽  
Nissa Nur Azizah ◽  
Gabriela Chelvina Santiuly Girsang
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Design ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Scale Production

Corncob is usually disposed of directly as waste, creating problems in the environment, while it can be converted into valuable materials. This research aimed to evaluate the literature review on briquette production from agricultural waste (using non-binder and cold press with a binder) and the current works on techno-economic analysis, to propose an optimal design for the production of briquette from corncob waste, and to perform a techno-economic analysis based on the selected optimal processing method. The engineering perspective based on stoichiometry and mass balance showed the potential corncob briquette manufacture in both home and large scales due to the possible use of inexpensive and commercially available equipment and raw materials. The economic perspective [based on several economic evaluation factors (i.e., gross profit margin, payback period, break-even point, cumulative net present value, return of investment, internal rate return, and profitability index) under ideal and non-ideal conditions by considering internal (i.e., sales, raw materials, utilities, and variable cost) and external aspects (i.e., tax)] confirmed the prospective development of the project in the large-scale production with a lifetime of more than 18 years. The main issue in the project is the raw material (i.e. tapioca flour), giving the most impact on the project’s feasibility. Even in severe conditions, the project is feasible. The great endurance was also confirmed in the case of a higher tax rate. This study demonstrates the importance of producing corncob-based briquettes for improving the economic value and giving alternatives for problem solvers in the utilization of agricultural waste.

Geographical distribution of land types and primary field research work in Jalilabad Cadastral District

2020 ◽  
Vol 04 (05) ◽  
pp. 44-48
Author(s):  
Narmin Zakir Najafova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Large Scale Land ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Land Types ◽  
Zonal Soils

Factors influencing the formation of land cover of Jalilabad cadastral region are one of the reasons for the diversity of soil formation processes in the area. Intra-zonal soils are subject to the laws of vertical zoning due to changes in the height of the area due to its geographical distribution. Despite the fact that the Jalilabad cadastral region does not have a very large area, its separate parts are characterized by differences in bioclimatic and biogeochemical characteristics. The article shows the analysis and geographical coordinates of the main soil types formed in the Jalilabad cadastral region on the basis of a large-scale land map, depending on the soil-ecological conditions. In order to carry out comparative and ecological assessment of soils, we have made land plots in the study area. Currently, the cut samples are in the laboratory stage for physical and chemical analysis in accordance with the methodology. Key words: soil type, mechanical composition, soil structure, soil profile, GPS

Geographical distribution of land types and primary field research work in Jalilabad Cadastral District

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (01) ◽  
pp. 88-93
Author(s):  
Nərmin Zakir qızı Nəcəfova Zakir qızı Nəcəfova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Large Scale Land ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Land Types ◽  
Zonal Soils

Factors influencing the formation of land cover of Jalilabad cadastral region are one of the reasons for the diversity of soil formation processes in the area. Intra-zonal soils are subject to the laws of vertical zoning due to changes in the height of the area due to its geographical distribution. Despite the fact that the Jalilabad cadastral region does not have a very large area, its separate parts are characterized by differences in bioclimatic and biogeochemical characteristics. The article shows the analysis and geographical coordinates of the main soil types formed in the Jalilabad cadastral region on the basis of a large-scale land map, depending on the soil-ecological conditions. In order to carry out comparative and ecological assessment of soils, we have made land plots in the study area. Currently, the cut samples are in the laboratory stage for physical and chemical analysis in accordance with the methodology. Key words: soil type, mechanical composition, soil structure, soil profile, GPS

Economic analysis of mental health services

2012 ◽  
pp. 1473-1480
Author(s):  
Martin Knapp ◽  
Dan Chisholm
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Priority Setting ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Societal Needs ◽  
Distribution Of Resources

Economics is concerned with the use and distribution of resources within a society, and how different ways of allocating resources impact on the well-being of individuals. Economics enters the health sphere because resources available to meet societal needs or demands are finite, meaning that choices have to be made regarding how best to allocate them (typically to generate the greatest possible level of population health). Economics provides an explicit framework for thinking through ways of allocating resources. Resource allocation decisions in mental health are complicated by the fact that disorders are common, debilitating, and often long-lasting. Epidemiological research has demonstrated the considerable burden that mental disorders impose because of their prevalence, chronicity, and severity: globally, more than 10 per cent of lost years of healthy life and over 30 per cent of all years lived with disability are attributable to mental disorders. Low rates of recognition and effective treatment compound the problem, particularly in poor countries. However, disease burden is not in itself sufficient as a justification or mechanism for resource allocation or priority-setting. A disorder can place considerable burden on a population but if appropriate strategies to reduce this burden are absent or extremely expensive in relation to the health gains achieved, large-scale investment would be considered misplaced. The reason is that scarce resources could be more efficiently channelled to other burdensome conditions for which cost-effective responses were available. For priority-setting and resource allocation, it is necessary to ask what amount of burden from a disorder can be avoided by using evidence-based interventions, and at what relative cost of implementation in the target population. Cost and cost-effectiveness considerations enter into health care reform processes, priority-setting exercises within and across health programmes, and regulatory decisions concerning drug approval or pricing. Two broad levels of economic analysis can be distinguished: macro and micro.

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