Identifying Driver Potential in Passenger Genes Using Chemical Properties of Mutated and Surrounding Amino Acids

Biochemical, immunological and physico-chemical properties of an ancient wheat grain – hulless spelt cultivar Gremme are investigated. Biochemical analysis of grain revealed a high content of protein, fiber, macro-and microelements, a rich composition of essential amino acids, which is characteristic of ancient wheat species. Evaluated milling and baking properties of spelt flour. Physical and chemical parameters of spelt grain met the requirements for soft wheat grain class 1: the mass fraction of gluten-38.7 %, the nature of the grain-795 g / l, the number of drops-416 C, the total vitreousness-70 %. However, gluten had an increased stickiness, which is obviously due to the increased content of fiber and gliadin fraction. Grinding of spelt grain was carried out on the aggregate mill installation "Miller 100 Lux" to obtain baking flour of various cultivars. The overall yield of flour of the first grinding was 59.7 %. The highest volume yield (359 cm3) and the best organoleptic properties (total baking score – 3.6 points) were observed in a sample of bread baked from spelt flour that meets the requirements for wheat baking flour of the first grade. Studies have confirmed the possibility of using flour produced from the spelt grain of the Gremme variety for the production of bakery products of increased biological, therapeutic and prophylactic, nutritional value and with a high organoleptic rating. Cereals and flour are very rich in trace elements-manganese, selenium, zinc, potassium, iron, phosphorus, vitamins from group B and B, essential amino acids (biochemical analysis was carried out by the Cherkizovo Center). The cultivar is resistant to drought, heat, excessive moisture. Proved immunological properties to several diseases in the field and laboratory conditions-resistant to enzyme-mycotic seed depletion (EMIS), various types of rust, powdery mildew.

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Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation of Peptide Nanostructures for Biomedical Applications

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26154587 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (15) ◽

pp. 4587

Author(s):

Fanny d’Orlyé ◽

Laura Trapiella-Alfonso ◽

Camille Lescot ◽

Marie Pinvidic ◽

Bich-Thuy Doan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Biomedical Applications ◽

Chemical Reactivity ◽

Physical Stability ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Building Blocks ◽

Imaging Probes ◽

Therapeutic Molecules

There is a challenging need for the development of new alternative nanostructures that can allow the coupling and/or encapsulation of therapeutic/diagnostic molecules while reducing their toxicity and improving their circulation and in-vivo targeting. Among the new materials using natural building blocks, peptides have attracted significant interest because of their simple structure, relative chemical and physical stability, diversity of sequences and forms, their easy functionalization with (bio)molecules and the possibility of synthesizing them in large quantities. A number of them have the ability to self-assemble into nanotubes, -spheres, -vesicles or -rods under mild conditions, which opens up new applications in biology and nanomedicine due to their intrinsic biocompatibility and biodegradability as well as their surface chemical reactivity via amino- and carboxyl groups. In order to obtain nanostructures suitable for biomedical applications, the structure, size, shape and surface chemistry of these nanoplatforms must be optimized. These properties depend directly on the nature and sequence of the amino acids that constitute them. It is therefore essential to control the order in which the amino acids are introduced during the synthesis of short peptide chains and to evaluate their in-vitro and in-vivo physico-chemical properties before testing them for biomedical applications. This review therefore focuses on the synthesis, functionalization and characterization of peptide sequences that can self-assemble to form nanostructures. The synthesis in batch or with new continuous flow and microflow techniques will be described and compared in terms of amino acids sequence, purification processes, functionalization or encapsulation of targeting ligands, imaging probes as well as therapeutic molecules. Their chemical and biological characterization will be presented to evaluate their purity, toxicity, biocompatibility and biodistribution, and some therapeutic properties in vitro and in vivo. Finally, their main applications in the biomedical field will be presented so as to highlight their importance and advantages over classical nanostructures.

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Changes in melon plant phytochemistry impair Aphis gossypii growth and weight under elevated CO2

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-81167-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ana Moreno-Delafuente ◽

Ignacio Morales ◽

Elisa Garzo ◽

Alberto Fereres ◽

Elisa Viñuela ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Aphis Gossypii ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Change Scenario ◽

Insect Performance ◽

Primary And Secondary Metabolism ◽

Acclimation Period ◽

Driver Potential ◽

Successive Generations ◽

Foliar Concentration

AbstractElevated CO2 (eCO2) modifies plant primary and secondary metabolism that subsequently impacts herbivore insect performance due to changes in its nutritional requirements. This laboratory study evaluated interactions between Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and melon (Cucumis melo L., Cucurbitaceae), previously acclimated two or six weeks to different CO2 levels, eCO2 (700 ppm) or ambient CO2 (400 ppm). Under eCO2, melon plants decreased nitrogen foliar concentration and increased carbon to nitrogen ratio, independently of acclimation period, significantly reducing the content of some amino acids (alanine, asparagine, glycine, isoleucine, lysine, serine, threonine, and valine) and increasing the carbohydrate (sucrose) content in melon leaves. The dilution in some essential amino acids for aphid nutrition could have aggravated the reduction in A. gossypii population growth reared on melon previously acclimated two weeks to eCO2, as well as the loss of aphid body mass from two successive generations of A. gossypii reared under eCO2 on plants previously acclimated two or six weeks to eCO2. The response to eCO2 of phloem feeders, such as aphids, is actually variable, but this study highlights a negative response of A. gossypii to this climate change driver. Potential implications on control of this pest in a global change scenario are discussed.

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A multivariate study of the relationship between the genetic code and the physical-chemical properties of amino acids

Journal of Molecular Evolution ◽

10.1007/bf02099756 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 272-277 ◽

Cited By ~ 70

Author(s):

Michael Sjöström ◽

Svante Wold

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Genetic Code ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Multivariate Study ◽

Physical Chemical ◽

The Relationship

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STUDY OF AMINO ACID MODIFIERS IN GUAYULE NATURAL RUBBER

Rubber Chemistry and Technology ◽

10.5254/rct.15.85931 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 88 (2) ◽

pp. 310-323 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Colleen McMahan ◽

Dhondup Lhamo

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Natural Rubber ◽

Oxidative Stability ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

The United States ◽

Thermal Oxidative Stability ◽

Green Strength ◽

Strain Induced Crystallization ◽

New Perspective ◽

Physical And Chemical

ABSTRACT Guayule, a desert shrub indigenous to the United States, is under development as a source of natural rubber that can be used in place of petroleum-based rubber or Hevea rubber. In natural rubbers, physical and chemical properties can be strongly affected by nonrubber constituents, typically proteins and lipids, present in the material, depending on the plant species and postharvest processing. Hevea natural rubber typically contains high levels of nonrubber constituents that contribute to thermal-oxidative stability, cure acceleration, and especially strain-induced crystallization. The latter has been attributed to compound properties that render Hevea natural rubber uniquely suited for the most demanding rubber applications (e.g., aircraft tires). Hevea proteins are susceptible to hydrolysis, releasing free amino acids into the latex, which can affect rubber and compound properties. Here, low-protein guayule latex was blended with a series of amino acids varying in chemical structure. Bulk viscosity was reduced, thermal-oxidative stability was improved, and cure rate was influenced by the addition of amino acids. Generally, gel formation, green strength, and tensile strength were not affected. The results introduce a new perspective for amino acids as biobased rubber compound additives and provide insights into naturally occurring nonrubber constituents' interaction with natural rubber polymers.

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Analysis of amino acids in human tears by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography and quadrupole orbitrap mass spectrometry

RSC Advances ◽

10.1039/c9ra05956c ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (63) ◽

pp. 36539-36545

Author(s):

Chi-Xin Du ◽

Zhu Huang

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Amino Acids ◽

Liquid Chromatography ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography ◽

Hydrophilic Interaction ◽

Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry

Amino acids in human tears play certain physiological roles and their determination is challenging due to complicated chemical properties.

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EFFECT OF PROTEIN ADDITION ON PROPERTIES OF GUAYULE NATURAL RUBBER

Rubber Chemistry and Technology ◽

10.5254/rct.17.83746 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 90 (2) ◽

pp. 387-404 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Dhondup Lhamo ◽

Colleen McMahan

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Natural Rubber ◽

Oxidative Stability ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Green Strength ◽

Truck Tires ◽

Oxidative Resistance ◽

Strain Induced Crystallization ◽

General Protein ◽

Physical And Chemical

ABSTRACT Parthenium argentatum, commonly known as guayule, is a desert shrub cultivated as a domestic source of natural rubber in the semi-arid southwestern United States. Guayule natural rubber (GR) may be used to replace petroleum-based rubber or in place of Hevea natural rubber (NR), but substitution must take into consideration differences in physical and chemical properties. Currently, Hevea NR is required in tire applications, especially aircraft and truck tires, because of its high oxidative resistance, rapid cure rate, and exceptional stress–strain response. These outstanding features are attributed to the presence of nonrubber constituents, mainly proteins and lipids, which cause the rubber to gel, and they contribute to strain-induced crystallization. In contrast, GR is low in proteins and is thus deprived of some attributes of Hevea. Addition of amino acids and proteins to guayule could potentially improve performance and thereby widen the range of applications for use. In a previous study, amino acids blended with GR latex improved thermo-oxidative stability, served as plasticizers and cure accelerators, and enhanced green strength slightly, but tensile strength was not improved. Here, a series of bio-based commercial proteins (gelatin, soy, albumin, casein, zein, gliadin, and gluten) were added to GR as a latex blend. In general, protein addition reduced bulk viscosity and improved thermo-oxidative stability. The gel content and green strength of the polymer–protein blends were increased, with the exception of gliadin, but not to levels observed for Hevea. Effects on vulcanization and mechanical properties in compounds were surprisingly influenced by the choice of antioxidants used. Our results demonstrate the potential of proteins as bio-based rubber compounding additives.

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Porin from Marine Bacterium Marinomonas primoryensis KMM 3633T: Isolation, Physico-Chemical Properties, and Functional Activity

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25143131 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (14) ◽

pp. 3131

Author(s):

Olga D. Novikova ◽

Valentina A. Khomenko ◽

Natalia Yu. Kim ◽

Galina N. Likhatskaya ◽

Lyudmila A. Romanenko ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Lipid Membranes ◽

Marine Bacterium ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Cell Permeability ◽

Oligomeric Structure ◽

Black Lipid Membranes ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Coastal Sea

Marinomonas primoryensis KMM 3633T, extreme living marine bacterium was isolated from a sample of coastal sea ice in the Amursky Bay near Vladivostok, Russia. The goal of our investigation is to study outer membrane channels determining cell permeability. Porin from M. primoryensis KMM 3633T (MpOmp) has been isolated and characterized. Amino acid analysis and whole genome sequencing were the sources of amino acid data of porin, identified as Porin_4 according to the conservative domain searching. The amino acid composition of MpOmp distinguished by high content of acidic amino acids and low content of sulfur-containing amino acids, but there are no tryptophan residues in its molecule. The native MpOmp existed as a trimer. The reconstitution of MpOmp into black lipid membranes demonstrated its ability to form ion channels whose conductivity depends on the electrolyte concentration. The spatial structure of MpOmp had features typical for the classical gram-negative porins. However, the oligomeric structure of isolated MpOmp was distinguished by very low stability: heat-modified monomer was already observed at 30 °C. The data obtained suggest the stabilizing role of lipids in the natural membrane of marine bacteria in the formation of the oligomeric structure of porin.

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PROPRIEDADES QUÍMICAS E CÔMPUTO QUÍMICO DOS AMINOÁCIDOS DA FARINHA E CONCENTRADO PROTÉICO DE FEIJÃO GUANDU (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp)

Boletim do Centro de Pesquisa de Processamento de Alimentos ◽

10.5380/cep.v18i2.1213 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

Author(s):

IVONE YURIKA MIZUBUTI ◽

LUIZ WALDEMAR DE OLIVEIRA SOUZA ◽

OSWALDO BIONDO JÚNIOR ◽

ELZA IOUKO IDA

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Cajanus Cajan ◽

Soluble Sugars ◽

Extraction Procedure ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Pigeon Pea ◽

Protein Concentrate ◽

Chemical Score ◽

Sulphur Amino Acids

Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo investigar as propriedades químicas e cômputo químico dos aminoácidos da farinha e de concentrado protéico de feijão guandu (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp). A farinha apresentou composição química adequada em relação a outras leguminosas. O procedimento de extração aquosa de proteína, a partir de grãos de feijão guandu com 25,73% de proteína, permitiu a obtenção de concentrado protéico com 52,47% de proteína, em base seca, compreendendo concentração da ordem de 103,85%. O concentrado protéico de feijão guandu apresentou composição química adequada, sendo que cinzas e açúcares solúveis foram concentrados 122,17 e 21,86%, respectivamente, em relação ao grão. Os níveis de aminoácidos no concentrado protéico foram similares aos de farinha de guandu, porém, a metionina foi concentrada em 42,64%. O cômputo químico indicou que os aminoácidos limitantes primários na farinha e concentrado protéico foram os sulfurados totais. A composição química da farinha e do concentrado protéico de guandu indicou potencialidade para utilização de ambos como componentes de alimentos para seres humanos e animais. Abstract The aim of this work was the investigation of the chemical properties of Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) (L.) Millsp) flour and protein concentrate. The flour presented suitable chemical composition in comparison to other legumes. The water extraction procedure of protein, from Pigeon pea grains with 25,73% of protein allowed to obtain a protein concentrate with 52,47% of protein in dry basis, resulting an increase in order of 103,85%. The protein concentrate of Pigeon pea showed suitable chemical composition, having an increase of 122,17% in ashes and 21,86 % in soluble sugars in relation to the crude grain. The amino acids levels in the concentrate were similar to those in the flour, however there were an increase of 42,64% in methionine concentration. The chemical score suggest that the primary limiting amino acids in the flour and in the concentrate were the total sulphur amino acids. The chemical composition of the flour and concentrate of Pigeon pea showed perspectives of its utilization as feed components for humans and animals.

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Drying Techniques and Storage: Do They Affect the Nutritional Value of Bee-Collected Pollen?

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25214925 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (21) ◽

pp. 4925

Author(s):

Antonella Castagna ◽

Giovanni Benelli ◽

Giuseppe Conte ◽

Cristina Sgherri ◽

Francesca Signorini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Nutritional Value ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Hot Air Drying ◽

Hot Air ◽

Drying Techniques ◽

Related Quality ◽

And Storage

In this study, the effect of different drying processes (freeze-drying (FD), microwave-assisted drying (MWD) and classic hot air drying (HAD)) on the polyphenols, flavonoids, and amino acids content was investigated on bee-collected chestnut, willow and ivy pollen for human consumption. Furthermore, the pollen chemical properties were monitored after three and six months of storage, and then analyzed using a multivariate approach. Chestnut pollen was the richest source of polyphenols, flavonoids, and rutin, while ivy pollen contained the highest amount of total and free amino acids, and total and free proline. Drying and storage affected pollen chemical composition with species-dependent effects. MWD allowed the best retention of flavonoids in chestnut pollen for up to six months of storage. All drying techniques led to a depletion of flavonoids in willow pollen; however, MWD ensured the highest flavonoids content after six months. FD and MWD did not lead to flavonoids depletion in ivy pollen during storage. Additionally, storage did not affect the rutin content, which was highest in FD willow samples after six months. Notably, both FD and MWD techniques are efficient in preserving amino acids-related quality of bee pollen up to six months of storage.

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