Growth rate and the cost of calling activity in male carpenter frogs, Rana virgatipes

1988 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 153-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mac F. Given
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Calling Activity ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Rana Virgatipes

scholarly journals A Panel Data Study of the Effects of Economic Freedom, Regulatory Quality, and Taxation on the Growth Rate of Per Capita Real GDP

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-122
Author(s):  
Richard J. Cebula ◽  
Maggie Foley
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Economic Freedom ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Regulatory Quality ◽  
Gdp Growth Rate ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Cost

Abstract This study empirically investigates three hypotheses. The first is that higher levels of economic freedom in an economy promote a higher growth rate of economic activity and hence yield a higher growth rate of per capita real GDP in that economy. The second hypothesis is that higher quality government regulation leads to a more efficient economic system, in large part by interfering less with market functioning and in part by not adding unnecessarily to the cost of conducting business in the marketplace, and thereby leads to a higher per capita real GDP growth rate. The third hypothesis is that the higher the taxation level/burden relative to GDP in an economy, the lower the growth rate of private sector spending and hence the lower the growth rate of per capita real GDP in that economy. Using a panel dataset for OECD nations over the 2003 through 2006 period, fixed effects PLS estimations find compelling evidence in support of all three of these hypotheses.

Fear Induced Stabilization in an Intraguild Predation Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (04) ◽  
pp. 2050053
Author(s):  
Mainul Hossain ◽  
Nikhil Pal ◽  
Sudip Samanta ◽  
Joydev Chattopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Hopf Bifurcation ◽  
Intraguild Predation ◽  
Equilibrium Points ◽  
Stable Limit ◽  
Interior Equilibrium ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

In the present paper, we investigate the impact of fear in an intraguild predation model. We consider that the growth rate of intraguild prey (IG prey) is reduced due to the cost of fear of intraguild predator (IG predator), and the growth rate of basal prey is suppressed due to the cost of fear of both the IG prey and the IG predator. The basic mathematical results such as positively invariant space, boundedness of the solutions, persistence of the system have been investigated. We further analyze the existence and local stability of the biologically feasible equilibrium points, and also study the Hopf-bifurcation analysis of the system with respect to the fear parameter. The direction of Hopf-bifurcation and the stability properties of the periodic solutions have also been investigated. We observe that in the absence of fear, omnivory produces chaos in a three-species food chain system. However, fear can stabilize the chaos thus obtained. We also observe that the system shows bistability behavior between IG prey free equilibrium and IG predator free equilibrium, and bistability between IG prey free equilibrium and interior equilibrium. Furthermore, we observe that for a suitable set of parameter values, the system may exhibit multiple stable limit cycles. We perform extensive numerical simulations to explore the rich dynamics of a simple intraguild predation model with fear effect.

Sri Lanka in 2007: Military Successes, but at Humanitarian and Economic Costs

Asian Survey ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nira Wickramasinghe
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Eastern Province ◽  
Security Forces ◽  
Economic Growth Rate ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Military Campaign ◽  
Government Security

The year 2007 saw a successful military campaign that led to the ““liberation”” of the Eastern Province by government security forces. The country's high economic growth rate continued despite the war, but inflation and the cost of living also rose significantly. The regime's human rights record came under serious scrutiny.

scholarly journals Titration and Conditional Knockdown of the prfB Gene in Escherichia coli: Effects on Growth and Overproduction of the Recombinant Mammalian Selenoprotein Thioredoxin Reductase

2006 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 432-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olle Rengby ◽  
Elias S. J. Arnér
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Essential Gene ◽  
Thioredoxin Reductase ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Native Promoter ◽  
Lower Growth Rate ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Translational Termination

ABSTRACT Release factor 2 (RF2), encoded by the prfB gene in Escherichia coli, catalyzes translational termination at UGA and UAA codons. Termination at UGA competes with selenocysteine (Sec) incorporation at Sec-dedicated UGA codons, and RF2 thereby counteracts expression of selenoproteins. prfB is an essential gene in E. coli and can therefore not be removed in order to increase yield of recombinant selenoproteins. We therefore constructed an E. coli strain with the endogenous chromosomal promoter of prfB replaced with the titratable PBAD promoter. Knockdown of prfB expression gave a bacteriostatic effect, while two- to sevenfold overexpression of RF2 resulted in a slightly lowered growth rate in late exponential phase. In a turbidostatic fermentor system the simultaneous impact of prfB knockdown on growth and recombinant selenoprotein expression was subsequently studied, using production of mammalian thioredoxin reductase as model system. This showed that lowering the levels of RF2 correlated directly with increasing Sec incorporation specificity, while also affecting total selenoprotein yield concomitant with a lower growth rate. This study thus demonstrates that expression of prfB can be titrated through targeted exchange of the native promoter with a PBAD-promoter and that knockdown of RF2 can result in almost full efficiency of Sec incorporation at the cost of lower total selenoprotein yield.

The Optimum Timing and Maximum Impact of Full Rehabilitation of New Zealand Housing Stock

1998 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 1295-1311 ◽  
Author(s):  
I M Johnstone
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Population Dynamics ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Housing Stock ◽  
Maintenance Costs ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Empirical Estimates ◽  
Stable Housing ◽  
New Construction ◽  
The Cost

The author develops a simulation model to estimate the optimum timing and maximum impact of full rehabilitation of New Zealand housing stock. The model is based on the theories of classical population dynamics. Data used in the model include empirical estimates of the mortality of New Zealand housing stock, assumed schedules of depreciation of dwelling services, and assumed schedules of annual maintenance costs. The dwelling service years provided by dwellings serve as a proxy for benefits of rents or imputed rents (excluding rent for land). The cost to construct one dwelling and fractions thereof serve as a proxy for costs of maintenance, rehabilitation, replacement, and new construction. Optimum timing of rehabilitation can increase the quantity of benefits provided by the housing stock per unit total cost but a reduction in the growth rate of new dwellings has a greater impact in achieving the same objective. A stationary and stable housing stock can provide 45% more dwelling services per unit total cost than a housing stock which doubles in size every 35 years.

scholarly journals Selection for plasmid post–segregational killing depends on multiple infection: evidence for the selection of more virulent parasites through parasite–level competition

2005 ◽  
Vol 272 (1561) ◽  
pp. 403-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. F. Cooper ◽  
J. A. Heinemann
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Multiple Infection ◽  
Virulence Determinant ◽  
New Hosts ◽  
Parasite Reproduction ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Selection Of

Is the virulence of parasites an outcome of optimized infection? Virulence has often been considered an inevitable consequence of parasite reproduction when the cost incurred by the parasite in reducing the fitness of its current host is offset by increased infection of new hosts. More recent models have focused on how competition occurring between parasites during co–infection might effect selection of virulence. For example, if co–infection was common, parasites with higher intrinsic growth rates might be selected, even at the expense of being optimally adapted to infect new hosts. If growth rate is positively correlated with virulence, then competition would select increased virulence. We tested these models using a plasmid–encoded virulence determinant. The virulence determinant did not contribute to the plasmid's reproduction within or between hosts. Despite this, virulent plasmids were more successful than avirulent derivatives during selection in an environment allowing within–host competition. To explain these findings we propose and test a model in which virulent parasites are selected by reducing the reproduction of competitors.

scholarly journals PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF INCOME CAPITALIZATION METHOD IN BUSINESS VALUATION – SOME HIGHLIGHTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-30
Author(s):  
Lyubomir Todorov
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Cost Of Capital ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Cost Of Equity ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Business Valuation ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Cost

The paper describes the advantages and disadvantages of the income approach in business valuation, the essence of the method of income capitalization, as well as the peculiarities related to its application. Two main variants of the method are presented, depending on the choice of income to be capitalized. The first option is based on the net cash flow and is mainly applied to the valuation of enterprises with high investment absorption and, respectively, high share of depreciation in total expenses. The second option is based on net profit and is preferred by valuers when valuing low investment absorption firms or holding companies.A practical case study is presented to evaluate a holding company related to the determination of the market value of a minority share package. The cost of equity of the rated entity is determined by the CAPM model modifications for emerging markets. At the end, conclusions have been drawn and some problems have been described that appraisers should pay attention to. The Income Capitalization method has an easy algorithm, but its practical application is not so simple. Both fundamental knowledge and experience, as well as evaluators' attention are required, as a number of factors and circumstances must be taken into account regarding: the choice of income to be capitalized, the choice of variant for valuation methodology, model for determining the cost of equity or the weighted average cost of capital, determining the “small firm risk premium”, determining the normalized income, the long-term rate of income growth, adjustments for minority or majority ownership, adjustments for marketability and others. In this method, the market value of equity (VE) is highly sensitive to the discount rate (the cost of capital), the long-term growth rate and the capitalization rate, respectively. Even small differences in these parameters can lead to a large difference in the value of the estimate. This requires precision and good argumentation on the part of the valuers regarding the pricing of equity, the cost of debt and the long-term average annual growth rate of income.For companies with stable incomes and good prospects for development, this method provides a relatively accurate estimate of the market value of equity. However, it must be borne in mind that the future is always uncertain. In this regard, appraisers should make a sufficiently accurate assessment of the level of business risk and financial risk of the entity being evaluated.

scholarly journals Conifer and broadleaved trees differ in branch allometry but maintain similar functional balances

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 511-519
Author(s):  
Lan Zhang ◽  
Yajun Chen ◽  
Guangyou Hao ◽  
Keping Ma ◽  
Frans Bongers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Specific Conductivity ◽  
Sugar Transport ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Broadleaved Tree Species ◽  
Xylem Growth ◽  
Broadleaved Tree ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Conifers and broadleaved trees coexist in temperate forests and are expected to differ in partitioning strategies between leaf and stem. We compare functional balances between water loss and water supply, and between sugar production and sugar transport/storage, and associate these with xylem growth to better understand how they contribute to these life form strategies. We sampled canopy branches from 14 common species in a temperate forest in northeast China and measured xylem area, phloem area, ray area, ray percentage, dry wood density, xylem conductivity and mean xylem growth rate for branch stems, and the leaf area and specific leaf area for leaves, and calculated the leaf-specific conductivity. Conifers and broadleaved trees did not differ significantly in tissue areas, xylem growth rate and the relation between phloem area and leaf area. Conifers had higher xylem area but lower ray area relative to leaf area. For the same xylem conductivity, phloem area and ray parenchyma area did not differ between conifers and broadleaved trees. Xylem growth rate was similar relative to leaf area and phloem area. Our results indicate that conifers tend to develop more xylem area per leaf area and more tracheid area at the cost of ray parenchyma area, probably to compensate for the low water transport ability of tracheid-based xylem. The divergent strategies between conifers and broadleaved tree species in leaf area and xylem area partitioning probably lead to the convergence of partitioning between leaf area and phloem area. Consequently, conifers tend to consume rather than store carbon to achieve a similar xylem expansion per year as coexisting broadleaved trees.

Simulation of Hydrodynamic Conditions of a Photobioreactor for Microalgae Cultivation

2014 ◽  
Vol 592-594 ◽  
pp. 2427-2431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sushovan Chatterjee ◽  
Sanjoy Paul
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Bubble Column ◽  
Bubble Column Reactor ◽  
Microalgae Cultivation ◽  
Mixing Rate ◽  
Design Modification ◽  
Column Reactor ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Proper Condition

Under optimum environmental conditions, microalgae are able to accumulate significant amounts of lipids within diminutive span. They are therefore established as promising candidates for the production of biodiesel. In order to develop this, and also to cut down the cost parameter involving the production of biodiesel from algae, the growth rate of algae has to be enhanced. To maintain the proper condition for their growth, closed cultivation is the best option for which different types of reactor are used. Bubble column reactor, is one among them, where the mixing rate of algae with nutrients, growth rate increases. This paper reported the design modification of spiral column reactor which will have better mixing rate than conventional bubble column reactor in turn more mass transfer due to more turbulence which can be seen by analyzing the turbulence kinetic energy against radius for both the reactors, for that CFX solver is been used.

In vivo protein synthesis rates in larval nase (Chondrostoma nasus L.)

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (12) ◽  
pp. 2436-2440 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Houlihan ◽  
W. Wieser ◽  
A. Foster ◽  
J. Brechin
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Rutilus Rutilus ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Fractional Rate ◽  
Chondrostoma Nasus ◽  
The Cost ◽  
In Vivo Protein Synthesis

In vivo protein synthesis rates were determined in larvae of nase (Chondrostoma nasus (L.)) by bathing the fish in [3H]phenylalanine. After a delay of about 1 h the rate of labelling of the larval protein was linear. A significant relationship was found between specific growth rate (kg) and fractional rate of protein synthesis (ks) when animals from low and high ration groups and starved animals are included, which can be described by ks = 8.5 + 1.45 kg (both variables in %∙day−1). The efficiency of retention of synthesised protein (kg∙100/ks) was 45% at a growth rate of 10%∙day−1 and 50% at 15%∙day−1. The metabolic costs of total protein synthesis were estimated by comparing the protein synthesis rates of C. nasus with levels of oxygen consumption in similarly treated larvae of the related species Rutilus rutilus. At growth rates below 10%∙day−1, oxygen consumption above maintenance (FIT, food induced thermogenesis, μmol O2∙g fresh weight−1∙h−1) is related to protein synthesis (Ps, mg protein synthesised∙g fresh weight−1∙h−1) by FIT = 24.7 Ps − 3.3. This relationship provides an estimate of the cost of protein synthesis of 24.7 μmol O2 ∙ mg protein synthesised−1 which is 3 times higher than minimal theoretical costs.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document