Plant biomass as raw material for the production of olefins and motor fuels

Millefolii herba is one of the oldest and most important drugs in Lithuania, used both in folk and official medicine. The raw material is usually gathered from spontaneous populations. It would be reasonable to develop methods to identify the populations which produce high plant biomass and accumulate high levels of proazulenes. The quantitative variation of proazulenes and their relationships with phytosociological dependence and morphological characters of Achillea millefolium from wild populations has been examined. The vegetation records were made at 140 growing sites of A. millefolium. The species was found in 29 types of community representing different growing habitats. The resources of milfoils prevailed in dry grasslands of Arrhenatheretalia communities and ruderal habitats of Dauco-Meliliotion. The data on productivity and morphological characters were subjected to multivariate statistical analysis. A hierarchical cluster analysis indicated that higher productivity of A. millefolium populations was associated with their dependence on ruderal and segetal communities. The testing of A. millefolium plants revealed high variation for proazulenes in different communities. The proazulene-containing plants have been identified in 38% of all analysed cases. In the highest segetal and wasteland communities of Agropyretalia repentis, Sisybietalia, Digitario-Setarion, Aperion spicae-venti, Senecion fluviatilis only proazulene-free plants were found. Results of the ANOVA showed the proazulene-containing and proazulene-free plants significantly differed (P<0.05) for width of leaves and number of nodes. The presence of nodes in high number and narrow leaves in high proazulene-containing plants distinctly marked them from the proazulene-free plants. The study raised the possibility that selection based on the two morphological marker traits (node number and leaf width) and proazulene distribution in the populations would be effective for rapid identification of highly productive population(s) of pharmaceutical importance.

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Transcriptomic Analysis of Fertilization Effects on the Biosynthesis of Sesquiterpenes in Essential Oils from Phoebe Bournei Twigs and Leaves

10.21203/rs.3.rs-143814/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Li Liu ◽

Gongxiu He ◽

Xu Wang ◽

Dangquan Zhang

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Plant Biomass ◽

Raw Material ◽

Compound Fertilizer ◽

Expression Of Genes ◽

Leaf Essential Oil ◽

Main Components ◽

Fertilization Effects ◽

Phoebe Bournei

Abstract Background: Phoebe bournei is a potential medicinal plant whose essential oil (EO) from leaves has potential inhibitory activities against some bacterium, tumor, and has a certain potential for hypoglycemic activity. Fertilization is a common and effective method to increase plant biomass, which can increase the raw material of essential oil, but has a certain impact on the composition and biological activity of plant essential oil. Results: The main components are sesquiterpenes in the essential oils from leaves and twigs. The yield of the essential oils and the content of their main components can be modulated by compost and compound fertilizer, to different degrees, and minor differences were registered among the categories of the components in essential oils. However, changes were strongly mirrored in some main components of essential oils. The content of the primary (+) - calarene in the leaf EO were strongly increased by compost, but the opposite happened by compound fertilizer. On the contrary, the effect of compound fertilizer was more significant on the main components of twig essential oil than compost. The transcriptome sequencing results of P. bournei showed that the total number of DEGs in twigs and leaves treated with compost were significantly more than that with compound fertilizer. No change was found in the expression of genes regulating principal components. However, the expression of several key genes regulating the upstream substrates for the synthesis of the sesquiterpenes was significantly changed: the expression of two key speed limiting enzymes genes (DXS and HMGR) and two important branch-point enzyme genes (FPPS and GGPPS) was significantly down regulated, while the expression of gene (HMGS) was significantly up-regulated.Conclusion: The expression levels of genes (DXS2, HMGR, FPPS and GGPPS) were significantly down regulated in leaves treated with compost, resulting in the changes of the yield and main components of the leaf essential oil. The effect of compost was more significant on the synthesis of the essential oil from P. bournei leaves than that of compound fertilizer.

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Fast screening of some flavonoids content in raw plant materials: opportunities of 1H NMR spectroscopy

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202016902006 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 169 ◽

pp. 02006

Author(s):

Gennady Kalabin ◽

Vasilii Vasil’ev ◽

Vasilii Ivlev ◽

Vasilii Babkin

Keyword(s):

Nmr Spectroscopy ◽

Plant Biomass ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Raw Material ◽

Standard Samples ◽

Plant Materials ◽

H Nmr ◽

Fast Screening ◽

Raw Plant Materials

Environmental monitoring and assessment of the prospects for extracting biologically active substances (BAS) from various types of plant biomass requires the development of simple and fast methods for measuring their content in raw materials. A new approach for measuring the content of various flavonoids groups in plant raw material using 1H NMR spectroscopy has been developed, which allows to characterize its resource capabilities and study the effects on their composition different environmental factors without complex sample preparation and standard samples.

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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS FOR VEHICLES

Alternative energy sources in the transport-technological complex problems and prospects of rational use of ◽

10.12737/17775 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 373-378 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Лемешева ◽

E. Lemesheva ◽

Кочегаров ◽

D. Kochegarov ◽

Тихомиров ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Comparative Analysis ◽

Vegetable Oils ◽

Alternative Fuels ◽

Low Cost ◽

Raw Material ◽

Ecological Situation ◽

Suitable Alternative ◽

Material Resources ◽

Motor Fuels ◽

Harmful Substances

The growing demand for alternative motor fuels is dictated by aggravating energy and environmental problems. In article the analysis about possibility of use of alternative types of fuel for vehicles is carried out. Application of suitable alternative types of fuel will allow to improve in the future an economic and ecological situation in the country. Alternative fuel has to conform to the following requirements: to have necessary raw material resources, low cost, not to worsen operation of the engine, it is as little as possible to throw out harmful substances, whenever possible to be combined with the developed system of supply with fuel, etc. It is shown that natural gas and fuels derived from vegetable oils are most economical to use

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Initiated Low-Temperature Cracking of Ozonizated Petroleum and Heavy Petroleum Ends

Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal ◽

10.18321/ectj597 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 99 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A.K. Golovko ◽

V.F. Kamyanov ◽

I.G. Shabotkin

Keyword(s):

Total Yield ◽

Raw Material ◽

Light Hydrocarbons ◽

Heavy Petroleum ◽

Oil Processing ◽

Motor Fuels ◽

Petroleum Distillates ◽

Low Temperature Cracking ◽

Diesel Fractions ◽

Rectification Process

New way to produce greater amounts of distillate motor fuels from crude petroleums, petroleum residues and natural bitumens by an ozonization of raw material followed with thermal treatment of the product formed under the conditions similar to ones characteristic of common petroleum atmospheric rectification process is proposed. About half of heavy petroleum components boiling above 350°C can be converted<br />into light hydrocarbons constituting the gasoline and diesel fractions and total yield of the lasts can be accordingly increased by means of described new method of oil processing. Ultimate products contain up<br />to 16 wt.% olefins and lesser amounts of sulfur compounds and have noticeably improved principal operational properties in comparison with analogues straight-run motor petroleum distillates.

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A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CELLULOSE NANOWHISKERS (CNWs) AND CELLULOSE NANOFIBERS (CNFs)

Cellulose Chemistry and Technology ◽

10.35812/cellulosechemtechnol.2021.55.45 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 55 (5-6) ◽

pp. 501-510

Author(s):

ZHIJUN HU ◽

XINYU CAO ◽

DALIANG GUO ◽

YINCHAO XU ◽

PING WU ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Comparative Study ◽

Supercritical Co2 ◽

Plant Biomass ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Cellulose Nanofibers ◽

Raw Material ◽

Cellulose Nanowhiskers ◽

Sem Images ◽

Economic Output

Cellulose nanowhiskers (CNWs) from plant biomass are of considerable interest, primarily due to their low density, biodegradability, mechanical strength, economic output, and renewability. Here, a new pretreatment method has been developed to produce CNWs based on supercritical CO2 and ethanol. The raw material was micro-fibrillated cellulose (MFC) and experimental factors were controlled to enhance the properties of CNWs produced using a ball-milling technique following supercritical CO2 pretreatment. Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) were also prepared using a high-pressure Microfluidizer©. A comparative study was conducted of the properties of the raw materials, the CNWs and the CNFs. The solid yields of P-MFC after supercritical CO2 pretreatment gradually decreased, along with the temperature and the reaction time. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the CNWs and CNFs show that the morphology of the CNWs was basically acicular, while that of the CNFs was mainly soft fibrous. Thermogravimetric analysis results suggest that the thermal stability of the CNWs was substantially higher than those of the CNFs and the raw material. XRD results indicate that the crystallinity showed an initial increasing trend and then declined with increasing temperature and reaction time, and the crystallinity value of CNWs was higher than that of CNFs. The smaller CNWs became rougher and had a larger surface area.

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Miscanthus plants processing in fuel, energy, chemical and microbiological industries

Foods and raw materials ◽

10.21603/2308-4057-2019-2-403-411 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 403-411

Author(s):

Olga Babich ◽

Olga Krieger ◽

Evgeny Chupakhin ◽

Oksana Kozlova

Keyword(s):

Alternative Energy ◽

Plant Biomass ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Hydrocarbon Fuel ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biomass Combustion ◽

Alternative Energy Sources ◽

Miscanthus Giganteus ◽

Renewable Raw Material ◽

Physical And Chemical

The increasing shortage of fossil hydrocarbon fuel dictates the need to search for and develop alternative energy sources, including plant biomass. This paper is devoted to the study of the Miscanthus plants biomass potential and the analysis of technologies of its processing into products targeted at bioenergy, chemistry, and microbiology. Miscanthus is a promising renewable raw material to replace wood raw materials for the production of chemical, fuel, energy, and microbiological industries. Miscanthus is characterised by highly productive (up to 40 tons per one hectare of dry matter) C4-photosynthesis. Dry Miscanthus contains 47.1–49.7% carbon, 5.38–5.92% hydrogen, and 41.4–44.6% oxygen. The mineral composition includes K, Cl, N and S, which influence the processes occurring during biomass combustion. The total amount of extractives per dry substance lies in the range of 0.3–2.2 % for different extraction reagents. Miscanthus has optimal properties as an energy source. Miscanthus × giganteus pellets showed the energy value of about 29 kJ/g. For the bioconversion of plants into bioethanol, it is advisable to carry out simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, thus reducing the duration of process steps and energy costs. Miscanthus cellulose is of high quality and can be used for the synthesis of new products. Further research will focus on the selection of rational parameters for processing miscanthus biomass into products with improved physical and chemical characteristics: bioethanol, pellets, industrial cellulose, bacterial cellulose, carbohydrate substrate.

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Thermochemical conversion of grinded pressed plant biomass

Известия СПбЛТА ◽

10.21266/2079-4304.2018.224.256-272 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

А.А. Спицын ◽

И.И. Белоусов ◽

Т.Б. Турсунов ◽

В.А. Хен

Keyword(s):

Plant Biomass ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Raw Material ◽

Thermochemical Conversion ◽

Innovative Technology ◽

Adsorption Activity ◽

Liquid Biofuel

Рассмотрены аппарат уплотнения с частичной химической переработкой сырья и инновационная технология получения гранулированного активированного углеродсодержащего продукта и жидкого биотоплива методом уплотнения (пеллетирования) предварительно измельченного сырья, ускоренного гидролиза, пиролиза, с последующей активацией. Приведены результаты апробации технологии на стендовых установках и аппаратах. Показано, что по- лученные гранулы соответствуют основным показателям отечественных и за- рубежных стандартов на пеллеты из растительного сырья. В процессе произ- водства протекает химическая модификация исходного сырья, на что указывает повышенное значение содержания лигнина в образцах. При проведении пиро- лиза полученных пеллет производятся гранулированный углистый остаток, жидкое биотопливо и горючая парогазовая смесь. Из гранулированного угли- стого остатка получены активированные угли, имеющие адсорбционную активность по йоду, сравнимую с древесным углем марки ДАК. Одним из направлений дальнейших исследований является подбор различных добавок в сырье перед проведением уплотнения и грануляции для улучшения свойств пеллет, в частности повышения теплотворной способности и уменьшения зольности. Однако наиболее интересное направление использования уплотненных отходов растительной биомассы в виде пеллет – в качестве сырья для термохи- мической переработки с целью получения энергетически плотных продуктов, в частности пиролиза. Исследование показало целесообразность разработки единой автономной технологии переработки отходов растительной биомассы с по- лучением конкурентно-способных товарных продуктов: гранулированных активированных углей, жидкого биотоплива, а также парогазовой смеси с достаточной теплотворной способностью для обеспечения работы специальных топочных устройств. The paper deals with the sealing machine with partial chemical processing of raw materials and the innovative technology for obtaining granular activated carbon- containing product and liquid biofuel by the method of compaction (pelletizing) of pre-crushed raw materials, accelerated hydrolysis, pyrolysis and subsequent activation. The results of approbation of the technology on bench installations and devices are presented. It is shown that the obtained pellets correspond to the main indicators of domestic and foreign standards for pellets from vegetable raw materials. In the production process, a chemical modification of the feedstock takes place, as indicat- ed by the increased value of lignin content in the samples. When pyrolysis of the pellets is produced, a granular carbonaceous residue, liquid biofuel, and a combustible gas-vapor mixture are produced. From the granular carbonaceous residue, activated carbons with an adsorption activity of iodine comparable to charcoal of the DAK brand were obtained. One of the directions of further research is the selection of various additives into the raw material before compaction and granulation to improve the properties of pellets, in particular, to increase the calorific value and to reduce ash content. However, the most interesting direction of using compacted biomass res- idue in the form of pellets is to use as a raw material for thermochemical processing in order to obtain energetically dense products, in particular pyrolysis. The work showed the expediency of developing a single autonomous technology for plant biomass residues processing with the production of competitive commodity products: granular activated carbons, liquid biofuel, as well as steam-gas sweep with sufficient calorific value to ensure the operation of special combustion devices.

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Linnaea borealis L. var. borealis—In Vitro Cultures and Phytochemical Screening as a Dual Strategy for Its Ex Situ Conservation and a Source of Bioactive Compounds of the Rare Species

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26226823 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (22) ◽

pp. 6823

Author(s):

Barbara Thiem ◽

Dariusz Kruszka ◽

Natalia Turowska ◽

Elwira Sliwinska ◽

Viktor Berge ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Biomass ◽

Shoot Culture ◽

Growth Index ◽

In Vitro Cultures ◽

Raw Material ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Shoot Cultures ◽

Triterpenoid Saponins ◽

First Time

Linnaea borealis L. (Twinflower)—a dwarf shrub in the Linnaeeae tribe of Caprifoliaceae family—is distributed across the Northern Hemisphere. By means of this study, a reliable protocol for efficient micropropagation of uniform L. borealis L. var. borealis plantlets has been provided for the first time; callus culture was also established. Different initial explants, types of cultures, media systems, and plant growth regulators in Murashige and Skoog (MS) media were tested. Agitated shoot cultures in the liquid media turned out to be the best system for the production of sustainable plant biomass. After stabilization of the callus lines, the highest growth index (c.a. 526%) was gained for callus maintained on MS enriched with picloram. TLC and UHPLC-HESI-HRMS analysis confirmed the presence of phenolic acids and flavonoids, and for the first time, the presence of iridoids and triterpenoid saponins in this species. Multiplication of L. borealis shoot culture provides renewable raw material, allowing for the assessment of the phytochemical profile, and, in the future, for the quantitative analyses and the studies of the biological activity of extracts, fractions, or isolated compounds. This is the first report on in vitro cultures of traditionally used L. borealis rare taxon and its biosynthetic potential.

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Peat as a promising raw material for the creation of bacterial preparations in solid form

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/928/1/012007 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 928 (1) ◽

pp. 012007

Author(s):

A V Kravets ◽

N N Tereshchenko ◽

O M Minaeva

Keyword(s):

Plant Biomass ◽

Plant Diseases ◽

Raw Material ◽

Solid Base ◽

Liquid Form ◽

Wheat Seedlings ◽

Combined Use ◽

Wheat Germination ◽

Microbial Preparation ◽

Solid Form

Abstract The possibility of using peat as a solid base for a microbial preparation was investigated. The basis of the microbial consortium of the drug was made up of Pseudomonas extremorientalis and Aeromonas media isolated from coprolites of the earthworms Eisenia fetida, Savigny. Among the studied peat species, eutrophic woody peat (pH = 5.7, degree of decomposition 48%) was chosen, which stimulated the increase in the aboveground mass (+ 11%) of wheat seedlings in preliminary tests. We assessed the viability of bacteria within 2 months after their adsorption on peat. On the 56th day of the experiment, the number of A. media in the variant with a peat carrier remained at the highest possible level - 107 CFU / ml. In a vegetation experiment, it was found that the use of two microbial cultures (in liquid form and in solid after adsorption of bacteria on peat) for presowing seed treatment led to an increase in wheat germination by 9% (83% for the liquid form and 92% for the solid form). Plant biomass increased in variants using bacteria on peat compared to using bacteria in liquid form. The presence of peat and P. extremorientalis increased the aboveground weight of wheat by 5%, while peat with a mixture of bacteria increased this figure by 15%. In variants with the use of P. extremorientalis on peat, the rate of development of plant diseases decreased in comparison with the liquid form by more than 3 times. With the combined use of bacteria, peat provides high rates of germination of seeds and aboveground mass. The research results indicate a greater efficiency of using a solid preparative form of a microbial preparation in comparison with a liquid one.

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