Reduction and unification in lambda calculi with a general notion of subtype

1994 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenyu Qian ◽  
Tobias Nipkow
Keyword(s):  
General Notion

Are the Colours of Things Secondary Qualities?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry Stroud
Keyword(s):  
General Notion ◽  
John Mcdowell ◽  
Secondary Qualities ◽  
Independent Reality ◽  
Metaphysical Status

This chapter challenges the notion that the colours we believe to belong to the objects we see are ‘secondary’ qualities of those objects. Such a notion is endorsed by John McDowell, who has explained why he thinks the author is wrong to resist it. McDowell recognizes that the author’s focus on the conditions of successfully unmasking the metaphysical status of the colours of things is a way of trying to make sense of whatever notion of reality is involved in it. However, the author argues that the notion of reality he is concerned with is ‘independent reality’, not simply the general notion of reality. He also contends that an exclusively dispositional conception of an object’s being a certain colour cannot account for the perceptions we have of the colours of things.

Relativized realizability in intuitionistic arithmetic of all finite types

1978 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas D. Goodman
Keyword(s):  
Extension Theorem ◽  
General Notion ◽  
Conservative Extension ◽  
First Order ◽  
New Information ◽  
Reflection Theorem ◽  
Order Arithmetic ◽  
Special Case ◽  
Dependent Choice ◽  
Intuitionistic Arithmetic

In this paper we introduce a new notion of realizability for intuitionistic arithmetic in all finite types. The notion seems to us to capture some of the intuition underlying both the recursive realizability of Kjeene [5] and the semantics of Kripke [7]. After some preliminaries of a syntactic and recursion-theoretic character in §1, we motivate and define our notion of realizability in §2. In §3 we prove a soundness theorem, and in §4 we apply that theorem to obtain new information about provability in some extensions of intuitionistic arithmetic in all finite types. In §5 we consider a special case of our general notion and prove a kind of reflection theorem for it. Finally, in §6, we consider a formalized version of our realizability notion and use it to give a new proof of the conservative extension theorem discussed in Goodman and Myhill [4] and proved in our [3]. (Apparently, a form of this result is also proved in Mine [13]. We have not seen this paper, but are relying on [12].) As a corollary, we obtain the following somewhat strengthened result: Let Σ be any extension of first-order intuitionistic arithmetic (HA) formalized in the language of HA. Let Σω be the theory obtained from Σ by adding functionals of finite type with intuitionistic logic, intensional identity, and axioms of choice and dependent choice at all types. Then Σω is a conservative extension of Σ. An interesting example of this theorem is obtained by taking Σ to be classical first-order arithmetic.

scholarly journals The Early Transcriptional Response of Human Granulocytes to Infection with Candida albicans Is Not Essential for Killing but Reflects Cellular Communications

2006 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 1493-1501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chantal Fradin ◽  
Abigail L. Mavor ◽  
Günther Weindl ◽  
Martin Schaller ◽  
Karin Hanke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Transcriptional Response ◽  
Mononuclear Leukocytes ◽  
General Notion ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Global Transcriptional Profile ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Systemic Infections

ABSTRACT Candida albicans is a polymorphic opportunistic fungus that can cause life-threatening systemic infections following hematogenous dissemination in patients susceptible to nosocomial infection. Neutrophils form part of the innate immune response, which is the first line of defense against microbes and is particularly important in C. albicans infections. To compare the transcriptional response of leukocytes exposed to C. albicans, we investigated the expression of key cytokine genes in polymorphonuclear and mononuclear leukocytes after incubation with C. albicans for 1 h. Isolated mononuclear cells expressed high levels of genes encoding proinflammatory signaling molecules, whereas neutrophils exhibited much lower levels, similar to those observed in whole blood. The global transcriptional profile of neutrophils was examined by using an immunology-biased human microarray to determine whether different morphological forms or the viability of C. albicans altered the transcriptome. Hyphal cells appeared to have the broadest effect, although the most strongly induced genes were regulated independently of morphology or viability. These genes were involved in proinflammatory cell-cell signaling, cell signal transduction, and cell growth. Generally, genes encoding known components of neutrophil granules showed no upregulation at this time point; however, lactoferrin, a well-known candidacidal peptide, was secreted by neutrophils. Addition to inhibitors of RNA or protein de novo synthesis did not influence the killing activity within 30 min. These results support the general notion that neutrophils do not require gene transcription to mount an immediate and direct attack against microbes. However, neutrophils exposed to C. albicans express genes involved in communication with other immune cells.

Celebrity Endorsements and Voter Emotions: Evidence From Two Experiments

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 648-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony J. Nownes
Keyword(s):  
Presidential Election ◽  
Control Group ◽  
General Notion ◽  
Election Campaign ◽  
Hillary Clinton ◽  
Factual Information ◽  
Celebrity Endorsements ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior ◽  
Presidential Election Campaign

Here, I report the results of two randomized, posttest only, control group, survey experiments in which respondents were exposed to factual information about celebrity support for Hillary Clinton during the 2016 presidential election campaign. Based on previous research, I hypothesize that celebrity endorsements will affect the emotions of enthusiasm, anger, and anxiety vis-à-vis Secretary Clinton. My results provide support for the general notion that celebrity endorsements can affect voter emotions. Specifically, I find that celebrity endorsements profoundly decreased the negative emotions of anger and anxiety vis-à-vis Secretary Clinton. My research suggests that a broad range of stimuli may affect voter emotions, which in turn affect political attitudes and behavior.

Cuspidality in higher genus

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (08) ◽  
pp. 2043-2060
Author(s):  
Dania Zantout
Keyword(s):  
Linear Operator ◽  
Half Space ◽  
Modular Forms ◽  
Cusp Forms ◽  
General Notion ◽  
Global Operator ◽  
Higher Genus ◽  
Genus Formula ◽  
Holomorphic Modular Forms

We define a global linear operator that projects holomorphic modular forms defined on the Siegel upper half space of genus [Formula: see text] to all the rational boundaries of lower degrees. This global operator reduces to Siegel's [Formula: see text] operator when considering only the maximal standard cusps of degree [Formula: see text]. One advantage of this generalization is that it allows us to give a general notion of cusp forms in genus [Formula: see text] and to bridge this new notion with the classical one found in the literature.

scholarly journals Leibniz on Necessary and Contingent Truths

2012 ◽  
pp. 117-135
Author(s):  
Md Abdul Muhit
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Human Freedom ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
General Notion ◽  
Philosophy Of Logic ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Necessary Truths ◽  
Philosophical Writings

The distinction between necessary and contingent truths has so much important role in the explication of Leibniz’s philosophy of logic, metaphysics, and philosophy of science that the distinction spreads throughout most of his philosophical writings. My aim in this paper is to try to provide a clear and detailed account of some of the aspects of Leibniz’s distinction between necessary and contingent truths. This paper is divided into four parts. In the first part, an analysis of Leibniz’s general notion of “truth” (“the Principle of the Predicate-in-Notion”) is given. This will be followed by his distinction between necessary truths and contingent truths, which he also terms as “truths of reason” and “truths of fact” respectively. Thirdly, the implication of this distinction in Leibniz’s theory of human freedom will be addressed. I will end my discussion with an answer to the following questions: The distinction goes traditionally under Leibniz' name; but is it his own invention, or has he merely picked it up from one of his predecessors? And secondly, how far this distinction has an impact (if any) on the philosophies of his contemporaries, especially on Wolff, Hume and Kant? DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/afj.v4i0.12936 The Arts Faculty Journal Vol.4 July 2010-June 2011 pp.117-135

Co-Adaptation: Adaptive Behavior of Systems

1981 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 259-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce Edward Hust
Keyword(s):  
Structural Dynamics ◽  
Adaptive Behavior ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
General Notion ◽  
Competition And Cooperation ◽  
Structural Forces ◽  
Game Situation ◽  
Interpersonal Adjustment ◽  
Sociometric Ratings

This study revitalized thinking about human interaction as “co-adaptation” or processes of interpersonal adjustment derived from the developing organization of one's social systems. Using this model, certain social behaviors could be predicted from the interplay of structural forces of status in a given system. Peer groupings of children in special education were constructed of either average or widely divergent statuses, based upon sociometric ratings among classmates. These experimental groups were independently engaged in a game situation in which competition and cooperation were alternative coping strategies. Behavioral expressions of co-adaptation, gauged along dimensions of productivity and cohesiveness, were quantified from videotapes of each group's participation. The contrasted groups behaved differently across trials, mostly in keeping with differential predictions for structural dynamics and inferred “atmospheres.” The relevance of the construct of co-adaptation to a variety of social systems and to the general notion of adaptive behavior was discussed.

EXPONENTIAL MEAN SQUARE STABILITY OF STOCHASTICALLY FORCED INVARIANT MANIFOLDS FOR NONLINEAR SDEs

2007 ◽  
Vol 07 (03) ◽  
pp. 389-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. B. RYASHKO
Keyword(s):  
Linear Extension ◽  
Invariant Manifolds ◽  
Function Technique ◽  
Nonlinear Stochastic System ◽  
General Notion ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Extension System ◽  
Mean Square Stability ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Exponential Mean Square Stability

An exponential mean square stability for the invariant manifold [Formula: see text] of a nonlinear stochastic system is considered. The stability analysis is based on the [Formula: see text]-quadratic Lyapunov function technique. The local dynamics of the nonlinear system near manifold is described by the stochastic linear extension system. We propose a general notion of the projective stability (P-stability) and prove the following theorem. The smooth compact manifold [Formula: see text] is exponentially mean square stable if and only if the corresponding stochastic linear extension system is P-stable.

scholarly journals Counterexamples to the Maximum Force Conjecture

Universe ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 403
Author(s):  
Aden Jowsey ◽  
Matt Visser
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Dimensional Analysis ◽  
Maximum Force ◽  
Explicit Calculation ◽  
General Notion ◽  
Physical Situation ◽  
Speed Of Light ◽  
Maximum Tension ◽  
Dimensionless Function ◽  
Fluid Spheres

Dimensional analysis shows that the speed of light and Newton’s constant of gravitation can be combined to define a quantity F*=c4/GN with the dimensions of force (equivalently, tension). Then in any physical situation we must have Fphysical=fF*, where the quantity f is some dimensionless function of dimensionless parameters. In many physical situations explicit calculation yields f=O(1), and quite often f≤1/4. This has led multiple authors to suggest a (weak or strong) maximum force/maximum tension conjecture. Working within the framework of standard general relativity, we will instead focus on idealized counter-examples to this conjecture, paying particular attention to the extent to which the counter-examples are physically reasonable. The various idealized counter-examples we shall explore strongly suggest that one should not put too much credence into any truly universal maximum force/maximum tension conjecture. Specifically, idealized fluid spheres on the verge of gravitational collapse will generically violate the weak (and strong) maximum force conjectures. If one wishes to retain any truly general notion of “maximum force” then one will have to very carefully specify precisely which forces are to be allowed within the domain of discourse.

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