scholarly journals Antibacterial properties of Allium sativum L. against the most emerging multidrug-resistant bacteria and its synergy with antibiotics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Magryś ◽  
Alina Olender ◽  
Dorota Tchórzewska
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Allium Sativum ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Garlic Extract ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Healthcare Settings ◽  
Study Results

AbstractGarlic has long been known as the most effective plant species in treatment of bacterial infections. Considering the vast potential of garlic as a source of antimicrobial drugs, this study is aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Allium sativum extracts and their interactions with selected antibiotics against drug-sensitive and multidrug-resistant isolates of emerging bacterial pathogens that are frequently found in healthcare settings. As shown by the in vitro data obtained in this study, the whole Allium sativum extract inhibited the growth of a broad range of bacteria, including multidrug-resistant strains with bactericidal or bacteriostatic effects. Depending on the organism, the susceptibility to fresh garlic extract was comparable to the conventional antibiotic gentamycin. Since the combinations of fresh garlic extract with gentamycin and ciprofloxacin inhibited both the drug sensitive and MDR bacteria, in most cases showing a synergistic or insignificant relationship, the potential use of such combinations may be beneficial, especially in inhibiting drug-resistant pathogens. The study results indicate the possibility of using garlic as e.g. a supplement used during antibiotic therapy, which may increase the effectiveness of gentamicin and ciprofloxacin.

Garlic Extract (Allium sativum L.) Effectively Inhibits Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by Invitro Test

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-68
Author(s):  
Agnina Listya Anggraini ◽  
Ratih Dewi Dwiyanti ◽  
Anny Thuraidah
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Allium Sativum ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Garlic Extract ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Initial Stage

Infection is a disease caused by the presence of pathogenic microbes, including Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Garlic (Allium sativum L.) has chemical contents such as allicin, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and steroids, which can function as an antibacterial against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. This study aims to determine the antibacterial properties of garlic extract powder against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. This research is the initial stage of the development of herbal medicines to treat Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli infections. The antibacterial activity test was carried out by the liquid dilution method. The concentrations used were 30 mg/mL, 40 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL, 60 mg/mL and 70 mg/mL. The results showed that the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was 40 mg/mL and 50 mg / mL. Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) results for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are 50 mg/mL and 70 mg/mL. Based on the Simple Linear Regression test, the R2 value of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli is 0.545 and 0.785, so it can be concluded that there is an effect of garlic extract powder on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by 54.5% and 78.5%. Garlic (Allium sativum L.) extract powder has potential as herbal medicine against bacterial infections but requires further research to determine its effect in vivo.

scholarly journals Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO 1 In Vitro Time–Kill Kinetics Using Single Phages and Phage Formulations—Modulating Death, Adaptation, and Resistance

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 877
Author(s):  
Ana Mafalda Pinto ◽  
Alberta Faustino ◽  
Lorenzo M. Pastrana ◽  
Manuel Bañobre-López ◽  
Sanna Sillankorva
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Phage Therapy ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
Swarming Motility ◽  
Resistance Development ◽  
Healthcare Settings ◽  
Time Kill

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is responsible for nosocomial and chronic infections in healthcare settings. The major challenge in treating P. aeruginosa-related diseases is its remarkable capacity for antibiotic resistance development. Bacteriophage (phage) therapy is regarded as a possible alternative that has, for years, attracted attention for fighting multidrug-resistant infections. In this work, we characterized five phages showing different lytic spectrums towards clinical isolates. Two of these phages were isolated from the Russian Microgen Sextaphage formulation and belong to the Phikmvviruses, while three Pbunaviruses were isolated from sewage. Different phage formulations for the treatment of P. aeruginosa PAO1 resulted in diversified time–kill outcomes. The best result was obtained with a formulation with all phages, prompting a lower frequency of resistant variants and considerable alterations in cell motility, resulting in a loss of 73.7% in swimming motility and a 79% change in swarming motility. These alterations diminished the virulence of the phage-resisting phenotypes but promoted their growth since most became insensitive to a single or even all phages. However, not all combinations drove to enhanced cell killings due to the competition and loss of receptors. This study highlights that more caution is needed when developing cocktail formulations to maximize phage therapy efficacy. Selecting phages for formulations should consider the emergence of phage-resistant bacteria and whether the formulations are intended for short-term or extended antibacterial application.

scholarly journals Liposomes as Antibiotic Delivery Systems: A Promising Nanotechnological Strategy against Antimicrobial Resistance

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 2047
Author(s):  
Magda Ferreira ◽  
Maria Ogren ◽  
Joana N. R. Dias ◽  
Marta Silva ◽  
Solange Gil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Private Investment ◽  
Therapeutic Index ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs

Antimicrobial drugs are key tools to prevent and treat bacterial infections. Despite the early success of antibiotics, the current treatment of bacterial infections faces serious challenges due to the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria. Moreover, the decline of research and private investment in new antibiotics further aggravates this antibiotic crisis era. Overcoming the complexity of antimicrobial resistance must go beyond the search of new classes of antibiotics and include the development of alternative solutions. The evolution of nanomedicine has allowed the design of new drug delivery systems with improved therapeutic index for the incorporated compounds. One of the most promising strategies is their association to lipid-based delivery (nano)systems. A drug’s encapsulation in liposomes has been demonstrated to increase its accumulation at the infection site, minimizing drug toxicity and protecting the antibiotic from peripheral degradation. In addition, liposomes may be designed to fuse with bacterial cells, holding the potential to overcome antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation and constituting a promising solution for the treatment of potential fatal multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, such as methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. In this review, we aim to address the applicability of antibiotic encapsulated liposomes as an effective therapeutic strategy for bacterial infections.

scholarly journals Determination of Bioactive Compounds and Antimicrobial Capabilities of Purified Allium sativum Extract to Multidrug Resistant Enteric Bacteria

2021 ◽  
pp. 49-61
Author(s):  
O. J. Adenola ◽  
S. T. Adeleke
Keyword(s):  
Functional Groups ◽  
Allium Sativum ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Technique ◽  
Infrared Spectrophotometer ◽  
The Fourier Transform

There is much concern on spread of pathogenic enteric bacteria and there resistance to commercially available antibiotics. There is a need for development of a new reliable drug for the treatment of diseases caused by these bacteria. This study determines the antimicrobial capabilities of purified Allim sativum extract to multidrug resistant enteric bacteria. In-vitro antibacterial properties of the extract was carried out using agar well diffusion technique against antibiotics resistant enteric bacteria. The results revealed that Seven fractions of partially purified water extract of Allium sativum (fraction 5-11) had significant zone of inhibition to the test enteric bacteria. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) spectra revealed the presence of 24 functional groups in functional groups in water extract of A. sativum. Also, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometry revealed the presence of different compounds in water extract of Allium sativum.

Functional Nanomaterials for the Detection and Control of Bacterial Infections

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (27) ◽  
pp. 2449-2475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huiqiong Jia ◽  
Mohamed S. Draz ◽  
Zhi Ruan
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Functional Nanomaterials ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Infections with multidrug-resistant bacteria that are difficult to treat with commonly used antibiotics have spread globally, raising serious public health concerns. Conventional bacterial detection techniques are time-consuming, which may delay treatment for critically ill patients past the optimal time. There is an urgent need for rapid and sensitive diagnosis and effective treatments for multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacterial infections. Advances in nanotechnology have made it possible to design and build nanomaterials with therapeutic and diagnostic capabilities. Functional nanomaterials that can specifically interact with bacteria offer additional options for the diagnosis and treatment of infections due to their unique physical and chemical properties. Here, we summarize the recent advances related to the preparation of nanomaterials and their applications for the detection and treatment of bacterial infection. We pay particular attention to the toxicity of therapeutic nanoparticles based on both in vitro and in vivo assays. In addition, the major challenges that require further research and future perspectives are briefly discussed.

scholarly journals Fosfomycin

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew E. Falagas ◽  
Evridiki K. Vouloumanou ◽  
George Samonis ◽  
Konstantinos Z. Vardakas
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Clinical Effectiveness ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Extensively Drug Resistant ◽  
New Antibiotics

SUMMARYThe treatment of bacterial infections suffers from two major problems: spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) or extensively drug-resistant (XDR) pathogens and lack of development of new antibiotics active against such MDR and XDR bacteria. As a result, physicians have turned to older antibiotics, such as polymyxins, tetracyclines, and aminoglycosides. Lately, due to development of resistance to these agents, fosfomycin has gained attention, as it has remained active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative MDR and XDR bacteria. New data of higher quality have become available, and several issues were clarified further. In this review, we summarize the available fosfomycin data regarding pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, thein vitroactivity against susceptible and antibiotic-resistant bacteria, mechanisms of resistance and development of resistance during treatment, synergy and antagonism with other antibiotics, clinical effectiveness, and adverse events. Issues that need to be studied further are also discussed.

scholarly journals Synergistic Effect of Propolis and Antibiotics on Uropathogenic Escherichia coli

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 739
Author(s):  
Jean-Philippe Lavigne ◽  
Jérémy Ranfaing ◽  
Catherine Dunyach-Rémy ◽  
Albert Sotto
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Bactericidal Effect ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Uropathogenic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations ◽  
Tract Infections

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common bacterial infections around the world. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is among the main pathogens isolated in UTIs. The rate of UPEC with high resistance towards antibiotics and multidrug-resistant bacteria have increased dramatically and conduct to the difficulty to treat UTIs. Due to the rarefaction of new antibiotics molecules, new alternative strategies must be evaluated. Since many years, propolis has demonstrated an interesting antibacterial activity against E. coli. Here, we evaluated its activity added to antibiotics on a panel of UPEC with different resistance mechanisms. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and time–kill curves of fosfomycin, ceftriaxone, ertapenem and ofloxacin, with and without propolis, were determined. Significant diminution of the MICs was observed using ceftriaxone or ofloxacin + propolis. Propolis alone had a bacteriostatic activity with time-dependent effect against UPEC. The addition of this nutraceutical improved the effect of all the antibiotics evaluated (except fosfomycin) and showed a synergistic bactericidal effect (fractional inhibitory concentrations index ≤ 0.5 and a decrease ≥ 2 log CFU/mL for the combination of propolis plus antibiotics compared with the antibiotic alone). Propolis is able to restore in vitro antibiotic susceptibility when added to antibiotics against UPEC. This study showed that propolis could enhance the efficiency of antibiotics used in UTIs and could represent an alternative solution.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial and Biophysical Properties of Surfactant Supplemented with an Antimicrobial Peptide for Treatment of Bacterial Pneumonia

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 3075-3083 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon J. H. Banaschewski ◽  
Edwin J. A. Veldhuizen ◽  
Eleonora Keating ◽  
Henk P. Haagsman ◽  
Yi Y. Zuo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Pneumonia ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Exogenous Surfactant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Biophysical Properties ◽  
Surfactant Mixtures ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACTAntibiotic-resistant bacterial infections represent an emerging health concern in clinical settings, and a lack of novel developments in the pharmaceutical pipeline is creating a “perfect storm” for multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been suggested as future therapeutics for these drug-resistant bacteria, since they have potent broad-spectrum activity, with little development of resistance. Due to the unique structure of the lung, bacterial pneumonia has the additional problem of delivering antimicrobials to the site of infection. One potential solution is coadministration of AMPs with exogenous surfactant, allowing for distribution of the peptides to distal airways and opening of collapsed lung regions. The objective of this study was to test various surfactant-AMP mixtures with regard to maintaining pulmonary surfactant biophysical properties and bactericidal functions. We compared the properties of four AMPs (CATH-1, CATH-2, CRAMP, and LL-37) suspended in bovine lipid-extract surfactant (BLES) by assessing surfactant-AMP mixture biophysical and antimicrobial functions. Antimicrobial activity was tested against methillicin-resistantStaphylococcus aureusandPseudomonas aeruginosa. All AMP/surfactant mixtures exhibited an increase of spreading compared to a BLES control. BLES+CATH-2 mixtures had no significantly different minimum surface tension versus the BLES control. Compared to the other cathelicidins, CATH-2 retained the most bactericidal activity in the presence of BLES. The BLES+CATH-2 mixture appears to be an optimal surfactant-AMP mixture based onin vitroassays. Future directions involve investigating the potential of this mixture in animal models of bacterial pneumonia.

Assessment of Data Supporting the Efficacy of New Antibiotics for Treating Infections Caused by Multidrug-resistant Bacteria

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dafna Yahav ◽  
Noam Tau ◽  
Daniel Shepshelovich
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Clinical Activity ◽  
Regulatory Pathways ◽  
Causative Microorganism

Abstract Background Infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria are a major public health threat. We aimed to assess the data supporting US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of new agents aimed to treat MDR bacterial infections and the data provided by postmarketing studies. Methods We identified all drugs with in vitro activity against MDR bacteria initially approved by the FDA between January 2010 and December 2018. Characteristics of trials supporting approval and regulatory pathways were collected from Drugs@FDA. Characteristics of postmarketing studies were extracted from drug labels and ClinicalTrials.gov entries effective 1 June 2019. Results Initial approval of 11 newly approved antibiotics with anti-MDR activity was supported by 20 trials, all with noninferiority design. All initially approved indications were for common infections, mostly acute bacterial skin and skin-structure infections, regardless of causative microorganism. The proportion of MDR bacteria in most trials was low (<10% for gram-negative infections, <1% for gram-positive pneumonia). Most trials (90%) excluded immunocompromised and critically ill patients. Of 16 additional postmarketing randomized controlled trials identified through ClinicalTrials.gov, only 2 exclusively included infections caused by MDR bacteria, comprising 116 patients. No drug was granted accelerated approval, which would mandate postmarketing efficacy studies. Conclusions The approval of new drugs with potential clinical activity against MDR bacteria is supported by trials evaluating infections caused by non-MDR organisms, using noninferiority design and excluding the patients most likely to require these agents. Subsequent postmarketing efficacy data against these organisms are scarce. Healthcare professionals and regulators should demand more robust data to support clinical decision making.

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