Human milk and infant formula differentially alters the microbiota composition and functional gene relative abundance in the small and large intestines in weanling rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 2131-2143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenmin Liu ◽  
Arvind Subbaraj ◽  
Karl Fraser ◽  
Hongxin Jia ◽  
Wenliang Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Functional Gene ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Weanling Rats

scholarly journals Lipidomics of Brain Tissues in Rats Fed Human Milk from Chinese Mothers or Commercial Infant Formula

Metabolites ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 253
Author(s):  
Miya Su ◽  
Arvind K. Subbaraj ◽  
Karl Fraser ◽  
Xiaoyan Qi ◽  
Hongxin Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Lipid Composition ◽  
Dietary Lipid ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Milk Lipid ◽  
Lipid Species ◽  
Weanling Rats

Holistic benefits of human milk to infants, particularly brain development and cognitive behavior, have stipulated that infant formula be tailored in composition like human milk. However, the composition of human milk, especially lipids, and their effects on brain development is complex and not fully elucidated. We evaluated brain lipidome profiles in weanling rats fed human milk or infant formula using non-targeted UHPLC-MS techniques. We also compared the lipid composition of human milk and infant formula using conventional GC-FID and HPLC-ELSD techniques. The sphingomyelin class of lipids was significantly higher in brains of rats fed human milk. Lipid species mainly comprising saturated or mono-unsaturated C18 fatty acids contributed significantly higher percentages to their respective classes in human milk compared to infant formula fed samples. In contrast, PUFAs contributed significantly higher percentages in brains of formula fed samples. Differences between human milk and formula lipids included minor fatty acids such as C8:0 and C12:0, which were higher in formula, and C16:1 and C18:1 n11, which were higher in human milk. Formula also contained higher levels of low- to medium-carbon triacylglycerols, whereas human milk had higher levels of high-carbon triacylglycerols. All phospholipid classes, and ceramides, were higher in formula. We show that brain lipid composition differs in weanling rats fed human milk or infant formula, but dietary lipid compositions do not necessarily manifest in the brain lipidome.

scholarly journals Glucose Oligosaccharide and Long-Chain Glucomannan Feed Additives Induce Enhanced Activation of Intraepithelial NK Cells and Relative Abundance of Commensal Lactic Acid Bacteria in Broiler Chickens

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
Nathalie Meijerink ◽  
Jean E. de Oliveira ◽  
Daphne A. van Haarlem ◽  
Guilherme Hosotani ◽  
David M. Lamot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Nk Cells ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Nk Cell ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
In Ovo ◽  
Long Chain

Restrictions on the use of antibiotics in the poultry industry stimulate the development of alternative nutritional solutions to maintain or improve poultry health. This requires more insight in the modulatory effects of feed additives on the immune system and microbiota composition. Compounds known to influence the innate immune system and microbiota composition were selected and screened in vitro, in ovo, and in vivo. Among all compounds, 57 enhanced NK cell activation, 56 increased phagocytosis, and 22 increased NO production of the macrophage cell line HD11 in vitro. Based on these results, availability and regulatory status, six compounds were selected for further analysis. None of these compounds showed negative effects on growth, hatchability, and feed conversion in in ovo and in vivo studies. Based on the most interesting numerical results and highest future potential feasibility, two compounds were analyzed further. Administration of glucose oligosaccharide and long-chain glucomannan in vivo both enhanced activation of intraepithelial NK cells and led to increased relative abundance of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) amongst ileum and ceca microbiota after seven days of supplementation. Positive correlations between NK cell subsets and activation, and relative abundance of LAB suggest the involvement of microbiota in the modulation of the function of intraepithelial NK cells. This study identifies glucose oligosaccharide and long-chain glucomannan supplementation as effective nutritional strategies to modulate the intestinal microbiota composition and strengthen the intraepithelial innate immune system.

Gastroduodenal Motility in Neonates: Response to Human Milk Compared With Cow's Milk Formula

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 434-438
Author(s):  
T. Tomomasa ◽  
P. E. Hyman ◽  
K. Itoh ◽  
J. Y. Hsu ◽  
T. Koizumi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
High Amplitude ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Wave Form ◽  
Fasting State ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Gastroduodenal Motility

It is known that breast milk empties more quickly from the stomach than does infant formula. We studied the difference in gastroduodenal motility between neonates fed with human milk and those fed with infant formula. Twenty-four five-to 36-day-old neonates were fed with mother's breast milk or with a cow's milk-based formula. Postprandlial gastroduodenal contractions were recorded manometrically for three hours. Repetitive, high-amplitude nonmigrating contractions were the dominant wave form during the postprandial period. The number of episodes, duration, amplitude, and frequency of nonmigrating contractions were not different following the different feedings. The migrating myoelectric complex, which signals a return to the interdigestive (fasting) state, appeared in 75% of breast milk-fed infants but only 17% of formula-fed infants (P < .05) within the three-hour recording period. Because contractions were similar following the two meals, but a fasting state recurred more rapidly in breast-fed infants, we conclude that factors other than phasic, nonpropagated antroduodenal contractions were responsible for the differences in gastric emptying between breast milk and formula.

scholarly journals Term infant formula supplemented with milk-derived oligosaccharides shifts the gut microbiota closer to that of human milk-fed infants and improves intestinal immune defense: A randomized controlled trial

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elvira Estorninos ◽  
Rachel B Lawenko ◽  
Eisel Palestroque ◽  
Norbert Sprenger ◽  
Jalil Benyacoub ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Intact Protein ◽  
Phylogenetic Distance ◽  
Randomized Controlled

Abstract Background Bovine milk-derived oligosaccharides (MOS) containing primarily galacto-oligosaccharides with inherent levels of sialylated oligosaccharides can be added to infant formula to enhance the oligosaccharide profile. Objective To investigate the effects of a MOS-supplemented infant formula on gut microbiota and intestinal immunity. Methods In a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial, healthy-term formula-fed infants aged 21–26 days either received an intact protein cow's milk-based formula (control group, CG, n = 112) or the same formula containing 7.2 g MOS/L (experimental group, EG, n = 114) until age 6 months. Exclusively human milk-fed infants (HFI, n = 70) from an observational study served as reference. Fecal samples collected at baseline, 2.5 and 4 months of age were assessed for microbiota (16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid—based approaches), metabolites and biomarkers of gut health and immune response. Results At age 2.5 and 4 months, redundancy analysis (P = 0.002) and average phylogenetic distance (P < 0.05) showed that the overall microbiota composition in EG was different from CG and closer to that of HFI. Similarly, EG caesarean-born infants were different from CG caesarean- or vaginally-born infants and approaching HFI vaginally-born infants. Relative bifidobacteria abundance was higher in EG vs. CG (P < 0.05) approaching HFI. At age 4 months, counts of Clostridioides difficile and Clostridium perfringens were ∼90% (P < 0.001) and ∼65% (P < 0.01) lower in EG vs. CG, respectively. Mean (95%CI) fecal secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) in EG was twice that of CG [70 (57,85) vs. 34 (28,42) mg/g, P < 0.001] and closer to HFI. Fecal oral polio vaccine-specific IgA was ∼50% higher in EG vs. CG (P = 0.065). Compared to CG, EG and HFI had lower fecal calcium excretion (by ∼30%) and fecal pH (P < 0.001), and higher lactate concentration (P < 0.001). Conclusions Infant formula with MOS shifts the gut microbiota and metabolic signature closer to that of HFI, has a strong bifidogenic effect, reduces fecal pathogens, and improves intestinal immune response.

Maltodextrin is a carbohydrate ingredient for the production of baby food

2021 ◽  
pp. 8-11
Author(s):  
Сергей Владимирович Симоненко ◽  
Татьяна Алексеевна Антипова ◽  
Светлана Валерьевна Фелик ◽  
Елена Сергеевна Симоненко
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Artificial Feeding ◽  
Baby Food ◽  
Carbohydrate Component ◽  
Carbohydrate Composition ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Microbiological Parameters

Организация искусственного вскармливания детей включает использование специализированных продуктов детского питания. Основными принципами создания адаптированных детских молочных смесей является приближение их к составу и свойствам женского молока и соответствие особенностям пищеварения и метаболизма ребенка. Немаловажным моментом при этом является адаптация углеводного компонента. В современных формулах детских адаптированных смесей часть лактозы заменена на мальтодекстрин. Целью настоящих исследований являлось изучение пищевой ценности, показателей безопасности отечественного углеводного ингредиента мальтодекстрина и возможности его применения в специализированной пищевой продукции для детского питания. Результаты исследований органолептических, физико-химических и микробиологических показателей опытного образца мальтодекстрина подтвердили соответствие требованиям, предъявляемым к углеводным ингредиентам для производства продуктов детского питания. При исследовании возможности использования отечественного мальтодекстрина в производстве адаптированных продуктов детского питания подтверждена его целесообразность для оптимизации углеводного состава готового продукта. The organization of artificial feeding of children includes the use of specialized baby food products. The main principles of creating adapted infant formula are to approach the composition and properties of human milk and to match the characteristics of the child's digestion and metabolism. An important point in this case is the adaptation of the carbohydrate component. In modern formulas of children's adapted mixtures, part of the lactose is replaced with maltodextrin. The purpose of these studies was to study the nutritional value, safety indicators of the domestic carbohydrate ingredient-maltodextrin and the possibility of its use in specialized food products for baby food. The results of studies of the organoleptic, physico-chemical and microbiological parameters of the maltodextrin prototype confirmed compliance with the requirements for carbohydrate ingredients for the production of baby food. When studying the possibility of using domestic maltodextrin in the production of adapted baby products, its expediency for optimizing the carbohydrate composition of the finished product was confirmed.

scholarly journals Diet quality, anthropometrics, and gut microbiota composition in healthy adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna M. Malinowska ◽  
Marcin Schmidt ◽  
Agata Chmurzynska
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Healthy Eating Index ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Anthropometric Parameters ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition ◽  
Dietary Indices

AbstractHuman gut microbiota may affect metabolism and health by synthesizing metabolites and processing of food components. Those processes are specific to genus and species (or even strain), and dietary intake and metabolic state (such as obesity) can affect the composition of gut microbiota. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of dietary patterns and intake of several groups of food products and macronutrients, as well as the impact of anthropometric parameters on gut microbiota composition.The study group consisted of 200 men and women between 31 and 50 years of age. The diet was assessed using three-day dietary records and the dietary pattern was determined with the use of the original score method and two dietary indices, namely the Diet Quality Index – International (DQI-I) and the Healthy Eating Index (HEI). Bacterial DNA was isolated from the feces of the participants and microbiota composition was determined using metagenomic sequencing of the V3–V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene.Dietary indices and intake of energy from macronutrients did not correlate with the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes phylum ratio. However people with greater abundance of the Firmicutes phylum compared to Bacteroidetes consumed higher amounts of fermented milk beverages, hard cheese, and salt (78%, 48%, 14% higher intake respectively; p < 0.05). A higher diet quality as measured by the diet indices was positively correlated with the relative abundance of the Firmicutes phylum, Bacilli, Clostridia class, Lachnospira, Faecalibacterium, Coprococcus, and Prevotella genus and negatively correlated with the relative abundance of the Bacteroidetes phylum, Bacteroidia class, and Bacteroides genus. Higher dietary fiber intake positively correlated with the relative abundance of the Coprococcus, Lachnospira, and Roseburia genera, whereas energy intake from simple carbohydrates was positively correlated with the relative abundance of the Tenericutes phylum and the Mollicutes class. Energy intake from alcohol correlated positively with the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes phylum and Bacteroides class and correlated negatively with Firmicutes phylum and Clostridia class. Lower waist-to-hip-ratio, body mass index, and fat mass led to higher abundance of the Fecalibacterium genus.Both diet and anthropometric parameters are associated with gut microbiota composition. Associations between diet and the relative abundance of microbiota are nutrient-specific.

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