scholarly journals Enteric methane emission estimates for Kenyan cattle in a nighttime enclosure using a backward Lagrangian Stochastic dispersion technique

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Wolz ◽  
Sonja Leitner ◽  
Lutz Merbold ◽  
Benjamin Wolf ◽  
Matthias Mauder
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mature Female ◽  
Dispersion Modeling ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Open Path ◽  
Tier 1 ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Dispersion Technique ◽  
Semi Arid Region ◽  
Further Development

AbstractThis study provides methane (CH4) emission estimates for mature female African beef cattle in a semi-arid region in Southern Kenya using open-path laser spectroscopy together with a backward Lagrangian Stochastic (bLS) dispersion modeling technique. We deployed two open-path lasers to determine 10-min averages of line-integrated CH4 measurements upwind and downwind of fenced enclosures (so-called bomas: a location where the cattle are gathered at night) during 14 nights in September/October 2019. The measurements were filtered for wind direction deviations and friction velocity before the model was applied. We compared the obtained emission factors (EFs) with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Tier 1 estimates for the Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries, which were mostly derived from studies carried out in developed countries and adapted to the conditions in Africa. The resulting EF of 75.4 ± 15.99 kg year−1 and the EFs calculated from other studies carried out in Africa indicate the need for the further development of region-specific EFs depending on animal breed, livestock systems, feed quantity, and composition to improve the IPCC Tier 1 estimates.

scholarly journals Enteric Methane Emission Estimates for Kenyan Cattle in a Nighttime Enclosure Using a Backward Lagrangian Stochastic Dispersion Technique

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Wolz ◽  
Sonja Leitner ◽  
Lutz Merbold ◽  
Benjamin Wolf ◽  
Matthias Mauder
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mature Female ◽  
Dispersion Modeling ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Open Path ◽  
Tier 1 ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Dispersion Technique ◽  
Semi Arid Region ◽  
Further Development

Abstract This study provides methane (CH4) emission estimates for mature female African beef cattle in a semi-arid region in Southern Kenya using open-path laser spectroscopy together with a backward Lagrangian Stochastic (bLS) dispersion modeling technique. We deployed two open-path lasers to determine 10-minute averages of line-integrated CH4 measurements upwind and downwind of fenced enclosures (so-called bomas: a location where the cattle are gathered at nighttime) during 14 nights in September/October 2019. The measurements were filtered for wind direction deviations and friction velocity before the model was applied. We compared the obtained emission factors (EFs) with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Tier 1 estimates for the Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries, which were mostly derived from studies carried out in developed countries and adapted to the conditions in Africa. The resulting mean EF of 75.4 ± 5.69 kg yr-1 and the EFs calculated from other studies carried out in Africa differ considerably from each other, which indicates the need for the further development of region-specific EFs to improve the IPCC Tier 1 estimates.

scholarly journals Global Inland Capture and Culture Finfisheries Follow Different Trends When Evaluated by the Human Development Index

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8420
Author(s):  
Peter W. Sorensen ◽  
Maria Lourdes D. Palomares
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Human Development Index ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Tier 2 ◽  
Development Index ◽  
Tier 1 ◽  
Catch Reconstruction ◽  
Tier 3

To assess whether and how socioeconomic factors might be influencing global freshwater finfisheries, inland fishery data reported to the FAO between 1950 and 2015 were grouped by capture and culture, country human development index, plotted, and compared. We found that while capture inland finfishes have greatly increased on a global scale, this trend is being driven almost entirely by poorly developed (Tier-3) countries which also identify only 17% of their catch. In contrast, capture finfisheries have recently plateaued in moderately-developed (Tier-2) countries which are also identifying 16% of their catch but are dominated by a single country, China. In contrast, reported capture finfisheries are declining in well-developed (Tier-1) countries which identify nearly all (78%) of their fishes. Simultaneously, aquacultural activity has been increasing rapidly in both Tier-2 and Tier-3 countries, but only slowly in Tier-1 countries; remarkably, nearly all cultured species are being identified by all tier groups. These distinctly different trends suggest that socioeconomic factors influence how countries report and conduct capture finfisheries. Reported rapid increases in capture fisheries are worrisome in poorly developed countries because they cannot be explained and thus these fisheries cannot be managed meaningfully even though they depend on them for food. Our descriptive, proof-of-concept study suggests that socioeconomic factors should be considered in future, more sophisticated efforts to understand global freshwater fisheries which might include catch reconstruction.

MARKET POSSIBILITIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGROTOURISM IN ISTRIA

1999 ◽  
Vol 5 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 23-38
Author(s):  
Desimir Bošković
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Basic Question ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Mass Tourism ◽  
The Past ◽  
Marketing Activities ◽  
Market Trends ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Further Development

The basic question for further development of our tourism is a how, what with and when to restructure the mass tourist supply and make it flexible to market trends and demands. In the developed countries, the transformation of mass tourism to various selective forms and kinds of tourism is under way and very successful. The development of agritourism, which this paper is about, could significantly alleviate the past discrepancies in tourist supply and change the structure of the whole supply. On basic of the research done, the authors claim that some basic conditions for the development of agritourism in Istria have been fulfilled. So ther suggests its concept of development, financial funds needed, ways of financing, stimulative and other measures, legal regulations needed, organization of marketing activities, effects of the development etc.

Mindfulness and yoga self-care workshop for Northern Ugandan teachers: A pilot study

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 351-367
Author(s):  
M. Kyle Matsuba ◽  
Lenny Williams
Keyword(s):  
School Psychologists ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Teacher Stress ◽  
Self Care ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Wait List ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
European Counterpart

Teacher stress is evident in many developed countries; however, teacher stress is also evident in many low-income sub-Saharan countries such as Uganda where teachers face additional challenges compared to their North American/European counterpart. The goal of this study was to pilot test a mindfulness and yoga self-care workshop designed for teachers working in post-conflict Northern Uganda to help them cope with stress. Twenty teachers participated in the workshop and were compared to a group of matched wait-list teachers on psychological well-being measures. Results show that self-care teachers showed greater reductions in levels of anger, fear, sadness and perceived hostility, and greater increases in levels of emotional support and friendship compared to wait-list teachers. Moreover, longitudinal exploratory data analyses suggest that many of these effects gradually emerge over the course of the three-month school term. These finds are discussed in the context of how school psychologists can help teachers in developing countries through from yoga-based, mindfulness-type programs, and the need for more scaled-up research.

scholarly journals COMPETITIVENESS OF BUSINESS STRUCTURES IN THE INNOVATION ENVIRONMENT AND DEFINITION OF THE CONCEPT OF «INNOVATION FORESIGHT» SYSTEMATIC APPROACH

THE BULLETIN ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (390) ◽  
pp. 125-132
Author(s):  
A. B. Mukhamedkhanova ◽  
A. S. Tulemetova ◽  
G.M. Zhurynov
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Competitive Advantages ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Stable Conditions ◽  
Business Structures ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Production Labor ◽  
Implementation Of Innovations ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Educational Component

The problems of ensuring effective management and forming competitiveness of industrial enter-prises are relevant regardless of the conditions for conducting business activities. The fact is that the competitiveness of business structures in modern conditions is not ensured by simply owning factors of production (labor, capital, land), and even entrepreneurial talent is not currently a source of obtaining stable or exclusive competitive advantages. In order to obtain sustainable or exclusive competitive advantages that constitute strategic competitiveness, the business structure needs to have an intellectual (educational) component of development, including the production and implementation of innovations, as well as readiness for changes. Subject of research. On the basis of innovative foresight, ensuring the competitiveness of business structures of the production industry is a set of organizational, managerial and economic relations that arise in the process of formation. Purpose and objectives of the study. Development of proposals to improve the competitiveness of business structures based on innovative foresight. A number of theoretical, methodological and practical issues related to the formation and implementation of a strategy for managing the innovative development of entrepreneurial structures based on innovative foresight remain insufficiently studied and require further development of rules for its creation and functioning. At the same time, despite a detailed description of the problems of strategic management of innovative deve-lopment of business structures, the research of foreign scientists was carried out in relation to the relatively stable conditions of the economy of developed countries, the practical application of the mechanisms proposed by them in the conditions of the Kazakh economy requires mandatory revision, taking into account the specifics of the modern economy and industry.

scholarly journals Estimating GHG Emission Level from Oil and Gas Offshore Production Facility

2020 ◽  
Vol 202 ◽  
pp. 09004
Author(s):  
Satya Pinem ◽  
Mahawan Karuniasa ◽  
Chairil Abdini
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
American Petroleum Institute ◽  
Fuel Combustion ◽  
Emission Sources ◽  
Production Facility ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Offshore Production ◽  
Tier 1

Oil and gas (O&G) production activities emits greenhouse gases (GHG) which must be well estimated to improve accountability and formulating efficient mitigation. The Indonesia’s GHG emission reported thru Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) was estimated by Tier-1 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) method, while the O&G company adopts different methodology. This leads to asynchronous GHG emission contribution of this industry to national GHG emission. This paper aims to estimate the GHG inventory from O&G offshore production facility by using American Petroleum Institute (API) Compendium Methodology and compare it with Tier-1 IPCC Methodology. It found that GHG emission estimated by API method is significantly lower than IPCC method. Both methods shown fuel combustion sources are the dominant. GHG emission sources from fuel combustion and flaring have been well identified, but emission sources from venting and fugitive need to be improved. Moreover this study identified that to have more accurate national GHG inventory, the GHG calculation method might be different for each industry segment. This evaluation could improve the future national GHG inventory and as reference for the industry. National emission factors database for O&G industry segment is highly suggested to be developed.

scholarly journals Estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural activities in the Aburra valley Metropolitan Area - Colombia

2016 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 7783-7792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deicy Catalina Guerra Garcia ◽  
Jairo Alexander Osorio Saraz ◽  
Rolando Barahona Rosales
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Agricultural Activities ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Sources Of Uncertainty ◽  
Tier 1

The aim of this study was to estimate emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) generated by the agricultural activities carried out in the Metropolitan Area of the Aburrá Valley (AMVA), located in Medellin - Colombia. A TIER 1 approach of the methodology of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC was followed. Emissions of GHG from cropland, aggregate sources and non-CO2 emissions from land were estimated and analysis of the uncertainty of activity data and emission factors were made. The estimated total emission was 63.1 and 66 Gg CO2 eq for 2009 and 2011, respectively. The greatest contribution to greenhouse gases in agricultural production was the application of nitrogen to soils in the form of synthetic and organic fertilizers, which was associated with direct and indirect N2O emissions. The main sources of uncertainty were those derived from the activity data.

scholarly journals Malavika Karlekar (ed.). Paradigms of Learning: The Total Literacy Campaign in India. New Delhi: Sage Publications. 2004. 356 pages. Paperback. Indian Rupees 375.00.

2003 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-169
Author(s):  
Samina Nazli
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Adult Literacy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Literacy Campaign ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Sub Saharan

Raising the standards of literacy in the developing world has been a major goal of the less developed countries since most of them became independent in the process of decolonisation that followed World War II. The Human Development Report 2004, brought out by the United Nations Development Programme lists some major improvements in increasing literacy levels of a number of countries between the year 1990 and 2002. For example, low human development countries like Togo increased their adult literacy rates from 44.2 percent in 1990 to 59.6 percent in 2002. Congo saw an increase in its literacy rate for the same period from 67.1 percent to 82.8 percent. The rates for Uganda, Kenya, Yemen, and Nigeria are 56.1 percent and 68.9 percent, 70.8 percent and 84.3 percent, 32.7 percent and 49.0 percent, and 48.7 percent and 68.8 percent respectively. If one examines the breakdown by region, the least developed countries as a group saw an increase in their adult literacy rates from 43.0 percent to 52.5 percent, the Arab states from 50.8 percent to 63.3 percent, South Asia from 47.0 percent to 57.6 percent, Sub-Saharan Africa from 50.8 percent to 63.2 percent and East Asia and the Pacific from 79.8 percent to 90.3 percent. If we look at the increase in the levels of literacy from the perspective of medium human development and low human development, the figures are 71.8 percent and 80.4 percent, and 42.5 percent and 54.3 percent, respectively.

A Comparative Analysis of South Africa as a Semi-Industrialised Developing Country

1988 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Knight
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Industrialised Countries

South Africa has neither a developed nor a typical underdeveloped economy. Too often it has been wrongly classified, along with, say, Australia and New Zealand, as one of the peripheral developed countries, because only a part of the economy and population have the characteristics we associate with that group. Yet its economy is distinctly different from others in sub-Saharan Africa. South Africa falls squarely into the category which the World Bank classifies as ‘upper middle-income’ developing economies, with G.N.P. per capita in 1982 ranging from $2,000 to $7,000 and averaging $2,500, thereby including South Africa, with $2,700.1 (By contrast, Kenya's G.N.P. per capita was $400 and Britain's $10,000). The World Bank's group includes Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, South Korea, Venezuela, and Yugoslavia. South Africa shares many structural economic characteristics with these semi-industrialised countries.

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