scholarly journals Sexual preference for prepubescent children is associated with enhanced processing of child faces in juveniles

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara Speer ◽  
Miriam Schuler ◽  
Julian Keil ◽  
James K. Moran ◽  
Pierre Pantazidis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Interest ◽  
Attention Capture ◽  
Sexual Preference ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Neuroscience Research ◽  
The Face ◽  
Socioeconomic Burden ◽  
Face Stimuli

AbstractChild sexual abuse offences (CSOs) represent a severe ethical and socioeconomic burden for society. Juveniles with a sexual preference for prepubescent children (PP) commit a large percentage of CSOs, but have been widely neglected in neuroscience research. Aberrant neural responses to face stimuli have been observed in men with pedophilic interest. Thus far, it is unknown whether such aberrations exist already in PP. A passive face-viewing paradigm, including the presentation of child and adult faces, was deployed and high-density electroencephalography data were recorded. The study group comprised 25 PP and the control group involved 22 juveniles with age-adequate sexual preference. Attractiveness ratings and evoked brain responses were obtained for the face stimuli. An aberrant pattern of attractiveness ratings for child vs. adult faces was found in the PP group. Moreover, elevated occipital P1 amplitudes were observed for adult vs. child faces in both groups. At longer latency (340–426 ms), a stronger negative deflection to child vs. adult faces, which was source localized in higher visual, parietal and frontal regions, was specifically observed in the PP group. Our study provides evidence for enhanced neural processing of child face stimuli in PP, which might reflect elevated attention capture of face stimuli depicting members from the sexually preferred age group. This study expands our understanding of the neural foundations underlying sexual interest in prepubescent children and provides a promising path for the uncovering of objective biomarkers of sexual responsiveness to childlike body schemes in juveniles.

Neural Responses to Facial Expression and Face Identity in the Monkey Amygdala

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 1671-1683 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Gothard ◽  
F. P. Battaglia ◽  
C. A. Erickson ◽  
K. M. Spitler ◽  
D. G. Amaral
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
Firing Rate ◽  
Face Processing ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Firing Rates ◽  
Face Identity ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
The Face ◽  
Face Stimuli ◽  
Human Faces

The amygdala is purported to play an important role in face processing, yet the specificity of its activation to face stimuli and the relative contribution of identity and expression to its activation are unknown. In the current study, neural activity in the amygdala was recorded as monkeys passively viewed images of monkey faces, human faces, and objects on a computer monitor. Comparable proportions of neurons responded selectively to images from each category. Neural responses to monkey faces were further examined to determine whether face identity or facial expression drove the face-selective responses. The majority of these neurons (64%) responded both to identity and facial expression, suggesting that these parameters are processed jointly in the amygdala. Large fractions of neurons, however, showed pure identity-selective or expression-selective responses. Neurons were selective for a particular facial expression by either increasing or decreasing their firing rate compared with the firing rates elicited by the other expressions. Responses to appeasing faces were often marked by significant decreases of firing rates, whereas responses to threatening faces were strongly associated with increased firing rate. Thus global activation in the amygdala might be larger to threatening faces than to neutral or appeasing faces.

Task-invariant Brain Responses to the Social Value of Faces

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 2766-2781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Todorov ◽  
Christopher P. Said ◽  
Nikolaas N. Oosterhof ◽  
Andrew D. Engell
Keyword(s):  
Brain Regions ◽  
Parametric Model ◽  
Social Value ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Face ◽  
Approach Avoidance ◽  
Face Stimuli ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

In two fMRI experiments (n = 44) using tasks with different demands—approach–avoidance versus one-back recognition decisions—we measured the responses to the social value of faces. The face stimuli were produced by a parametric model of face evaluation that reduces multiple social evaluations to two orthogonal dimensions of valence and power [Oosterhof, N. N., & Todorov, A. The functional basis of face evaluation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., 105, 11087–11092, 2008]. Independent of the task, the response within regions of the occipital, fusiform, and lateral prefrontal cortices was sensitive to the valence dimension, with larger responses to low-valence faces. Additionally, there were extensive quadratic responses in the fusiform gyri and dorsal amygdala, with larger responses to faces at the extremes of the face valence continuum than faces in the middle. In all these regions, participants' avoidance decisions correlated with brain responses, with faces more likely to be avoided evoking stronger responses. The findings suggest that both explicit and implicit face evaluation engage multiple brain regions involved in attention, affect, and decision making.

scholarly journals Affective Learning and Psychophysiological Reactivity in Dementia Patients

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Blessing ◽  
Andreas Keil ◽  
L. Forest Gruss ◽  
Jacqueline Zöllig ◽  
Gerhard Dammann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Affective Learning ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Biographical Information ◽  
Psychophysiological Reactivity ◽  
Dementia Patients ◽  
The Face ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Rating Changes ◽  
Face Stimuli

We examined the association of faces with biographical information that varied in emotional content in patients with Alzheimer's disease and a healthy control group. During two experimental sessions, participants rated neutral male faces on dimensions of hedonic valence and emotional arousal, later paired with fictitious biographical information. Both groups changed their ratings of the faces according to the biographical content. Free recall and recognition were tested in the second session. Patients neither recalled the biographical information nor recognized the faces, whereas the controls did. In addition, psychophysiological measures were taken in response to the face stimuli. Patients showed significant heart rate modulation as a function of their emotion ratings, whereas the controls did not. No correlation of rating changes with skin conductance was found in any group. Results suggest that psychophysiological reactions such as heart rate changes may indicate preserved affective associative learning in dementia patients despite impaired explicit memory.

When Death Is Compelling

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 352-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Schindler ◽  
Marc-André Reinhard
Keyword(s):  
Terror Management Theory ◽  
Mortality Salience ◽  
Terror Management ◽  
Management Theory ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Norms And Values ◽  
Hypothetical Scenario ◽  
The Face ◽  
Scenario Study ◽  
Norm Of Reciprocity

Abstract. Research on terror management theory has found evidence that people under mortality salience strive to live up to activated social norms and values. Recently, research has shown that mortality salience also increases adherence to the norm of reciprocity. Based on this, in the current paper we investigated the idea that mortality salience influences persuasion strategies that are based on the norm of reciprocity. We therefore assume that mortality salience should enhance compliance for a request when using the door-in-the-face technique – a persuasion strategy grounded in the norm of reciprocity. In a hypothetical scenario (Study 1), and in a field experiment (Study 2), applying the door-in-the-face technique enhanced compliance in the mortality salience condition compared to a control group.

Emotion Recognition of Facial Expressions Presented in Profile

2021 ◽  
pp. 003329412110184
Author(s):  
Paola Surcinelli ◽  
Federica Andrei ◽  
Ornella Montebarocci ◽  
Silvana Grandi
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Recognition ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Recognition Accuracy ◽  
Recognition Of Facial Expressions ◽  
Profile View ◽  
The Face ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Face Stimuli ◽  
Affective Information

Aim of the research The literature on emotion recognition from facial expressions shows significant differences in recognition ability depending on the proposed stimulus. Indeed, affective information is not distributed uniformly in the face and recent studies showed the importance of the mouth and the eye regions for a correct recognition. However, previous studies used mainly facial expressions presented frontally and studies which used facial expressions in profile view used a between-subjects design or children faces as stimuli. The present research aims to investigate differences in emotion recognition between faces presented in frontal and in profile views by using a within subjects experimental design. Method The sample comprised 132 Italian university students (88 female, Mage = 24.27 years, SD = 5.89). Face stimuli displayed both frontally and in profile were selected from the KDEF set. Two emotion-specific recognition accuracy scores, viz., frontal and in profile, were computed from the average of correct responses for each emotional expression. In addition, viewing times and response times (RT) were registered. Results Frontally presented facial expressions of fear, anger, and sadness were significantly better recognized than facial expressions of the same emotions in profile while no differences were found in the recognition of the other emotions. Longer viewing times were also found when faces expressing fear and anger were presented in profile. In the present study, an impairment in recognition accuracy was observed only for those emotions which rely mostly on the eye regions.

Evaluating the alliance in videolink teletherapy

1997 ◽  
Vol 3 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 33-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
G J Ghosh ◽  
P M Mclaren ◽  
J P Watson
Keyword(s):  
Working Alliance ◽  
Psychological Treatment ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Working Alliance Inventory ◽  
The Face

The use of videoconferencing in psychotherapy remains largely unexplored. Videoconferencing compromises the range and quality of interactional information and thus might be expected to affect the working alliance (WA) between client and therapist, and consequently the process and outcome of therapy. A single case study exploring the effect of videoconferencing on the development of the WA in the psychological treatment of a female–male transsexual is described. The self-rated Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) was used to measure client and therapist perceptions of the WA after each session over 10 sessions of eclectic therapy conducted over a videolink. The serial WAI measurements charting the development of the WA in 4 cases of 10-session, face-to-face therapy by Horvath and Marx1 were used as a quasi-control. Therapist and client impressions of teletherapy are described. WAI scores were essentially similar to the face-to-face control group except for lower client-rated bond subscale scores. It is suggested that client personality factors accounted for this difference and that videoconferencing did not impair the development of an adequate working alliance or successful therapeutic outcome.

scholarly journals Reoperations Following Lumbar Discectomy Are Associated With Worse Clinical Outcomes and Greater Socioeconomic Burden 3 Years After the Primary Procedure

Neurosurgery ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudius Thomé ◽  
Ali Araghi ◽  
Jason Inzana ◽  
Jonathan Stieber ◽  
Joshua M Ammerman
Keyword(s):  
Back Pain ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Lumbar Discectomy ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Closure Device ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
Socioeconomic Burden ◽  
Index Level

Abstract INTRODUCTION Lumbar discectomy patients with large annular defects are at significantly greater risk for symptom recurrence and revision. Previous studies suggest that outcomes following revision surgery are less positive than outcomes from primary discectomy. This analysis aimed to assess the clinical and socioeconomic outcomes associated with postdiscectomy reoperations and the utility of a bone-anchored annular closure device (ACD) for avoiding reoperations. METHODS This study was a retrospective analysis of a prospective randomized controlled trial (RCT). Lumbar discectomy patients with large (>6 mm) annular defects were treated with discectomy alone (Control; n = 278) or discectomy with an ACD (n = 272). Patient-reported outcomes included visual analog scale (VAS) for ipsilateral leg or back pain and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). At 3 yr, clinical outcomes were available for 75% of the patients. Comparisons of outcomes were made between reoperated (n = 64) and nonreoperated (n = 351) patients, regardless of ACD or Control treatment, at 3 yr following the primary surgery. RESULTS Reoperated patients had significantly worse scores for ODI (24 ± 19 vs 11 ± 13; P < .0001), VAS leg pain (28 ± 30 vs 12 ± 19; P < .0001), and VAS back pain (36 ± 31 vs 17 ± 21; P < .0001). Significantly more nonreoperated patients were working at 3 yr (97% vs 84%; P < .001). Based on Kaplan-Meier analysis, the proportion of subjects experiencing at least 1 index-level reoperation in 3 yr was 11% in the ACD group and 19% in the Control group (P = .007). CONCLUSION Index-level reoperations following lumbar discectomy are associated with worse outcomes and greater socioeconomic burden in patients with large annular defects (>6 mm). These findings are consistent with reports from large registry analyses, including the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT) and the Swedish National Spine Registry (Swespine). The ACD reduced the number of patients experiencing index-level reoperation by 43%.

scholarly journals Phytochemical Profiling of Lavandula coronopifolia Poir. Aerial Parts Extract and Its Larvicidal, Antibacterial, and Antibiofilm Activity Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1710
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Emam ◽  
Doaa R. Abdel-Haleem ◽  
Maha M. Salem ◽  
Lina Jamil M. Abdel-Hafez ◽  
Rasha R. Abdel Latif ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Wild Plant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Antibiofilm Activity ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Socioeconomic Burden ◽  
Cytochrome P 450

Infections associated with the emergence of multidrug resistance and mosquito-borne diseases have resulted in serious crises associated with high mortality and left behind a huge socioeconomic burden. The chemical investigation of Lavandulacoronopifolia aerial parts extract using HPLC–MS/MS led to the tentative identification of 46 compounds belonging to phenolic acids, flavonoids and their glycosides, and biflavonoids. The extract displayed larvicidal activity against Culex pipiens larvae (LC50 = 29.08 µg/mL at 72 h). It significantly inhibited cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase (CYP450), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and carboxylesterase (CarE) enzymes with the comparable pattern to the control group, which could explain the mode of larvae toxification. The extract also inhibited the biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by 17–38% at different Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) (0.5–0.125 mg/mL) while the activity was doubled when combined with ciprofloxacin (ratio = 1:1 v:v). In conclusion, the wild plant, L.coronopifolia, can be considered a promising natural source against resistant bacteria and infectious carriers.

scholarly journals Satisfaction with Quality of Life in Patients with Minimum Cicatricial Damage of the Face and Neck

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Iaremenko ◽  
E. Isaeva ◽  
T. Kolegova ◽  
E. Sitkina ◽  
Yu. Vasilieva
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Physical Condition ◽  
Traditional Method ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Surgical Methods ◽  
The Face

Satisfaction with quality of life and self-attitude in patients operated by «traditional» (conventional surgical methods) and endoscopically assisted methods are considered in the article. Differences in the quality of life in patients, self-attitude to ones appearance are described. 65 patients were surgically operated and examined. Control group – patients operated by «traditional» techniques (35 patients), the average age of patients was 38 ± 11,1 years. The comparison group – patients operated using endoscopically assisted methods (30 patients), the average age of patients was 44 ± 17,7 years. Psychodiagnostic methods: 1. N. E. Vodopyanova`s scale of life quality; 2. The Short Form-36; 3. S.R. Panteleev`s Assessment of self-relationship. Complaints of paresthesia and pain experienced by patients who underwent a “traditional” operation were revealed as a result of the examination. Operated on with an endoscopically assisted method patients did not present any complaints. Differences between the assessment of the life quality and self-relationship in examined groups were found. Operated on with an endoscopically assisted method patients evaluated life quality, satisfaction with their appearance and physical condition higher than patients operated on with a “traditional” method.

scholarly journals INTELLECTUAL DISTRACTION FOR DYSMENORRHEA

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (03) ◽  
pp. 228-233
Author(s):  
Veryudha Eka Prameswari ◽  
ASIROTUL MA’RIFAH ◽  
NANING PUJI SURYANTINI ◽  
INDAH KUSMINDART
Keyword(s):  
Middle School ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Normality Test ◽  
Face Pain ◽  
The Face ◽  
Group Population ◽  
The Brain

Dysmenorrhea is a menstrual problem that usually occurs in young women. When dysmenorrhea, interferes with activity, non-pharmacological treatment will be an alternative to reduce dysmenorrhea. One way to deal with pain in a non-pharmacological way is by intellectual distraction, with the theory of reticular activation, which can inhibit pain stimulation when a person receives adequate or excessive sensory input, which results in the inhibition of pain impulses to the brain. Intellectual distraction techniques include filling in crosswords, playing cards, doing hobbies (in bed) such as collecting stamps, writing stories. This study aims to identify the effectiveness of intellectual disorders in reducing dysmenorrhea in young women. This study uses a design that is Quasi-Experiment with a pretest and posttest design without a control group. Population In this study were 122 female students from Mojoanyar Middle School. The sample in this study were all students of Mojoanyar Middle School who experienced dysmenorrhoea who had fulfilled the inclusion criteria of 23 respondents. The tool used to determine changes in the level of pain of respondents is the Face pain rating. The intervention provided was that respondents were asked to fill in the TTS. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS data normality test using the Wilcoxon test with SPSS 23 for Windows. And it was found that before less than half (43.5%) of Intellectual Distraction or 10 respondents experienced mild pain, whereas after being given Intellectual Distraction less than half (34.8%) or 8 respondents experienced mild and moderate pain and no more respondents experienced very severe pain. Therefore young women need to reduce the intensity of menstrual pain by providing Intellectual Distractions techniques with crosswords and accessing them can be through cellphones

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