Degradation of dibutyl phthalate by Paenarthrobacter sp. Shss isolated from Saravan landfill, Hyrcanian Forests, Iran

AbstractPhthalic acid esters are predominantly used as plasticizers and are industrially produced on the million ton scale per year. They exhibit endocrine-disrupting, carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic effects on wildlife and humans. For this reason, biodegradation, the major process of phthalic acid ester elimination from the environment, is of global importance. Here, we studied bacterial phthalic acid ester degradation at Saravan landfill in Hyrcanian Forests, Iran, an active disposal site with 800 tons of solid waste input per day. A di-n-butyl phthalate degrading enrichment culture was established from which Paenarthrobacter sp. strain Shss was isolated. This strain efficiently degraded 1 g L–1 di-n-butyl phthalate within 15 h with a doubling time of 5 h. In addition, dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, mono butyl phthalate, and phthalic acid where degraded to CO2, whereas diethyl hexyl phthalate did not serve as a substrate. During the biodegradation of di-n-butyl phthalate, mono-n-butyl phthalate was identified in culture supernatants by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In vitro assays identified two cellular esterase activities that converted di-n-butyl phthalate to mono-n-butyl phthalate, and the latter to phthalic acid, respectively. Our findings identified Paenarthrobacter sp. Shss amongst the most efficient phthalic acid esters degrading bacteria known, that possibly plays an important role in di-n-butyl phthalate elimination at a highly phthalic acid esters contaminated landfill.

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The Impact of Storage on Phthalic Acid Esters Concentrations in Yogurts Packed in Plastic Cups

Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis ◽

10.11118/actaun201967030689 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 67 (3) ◽

pp. 689-693

Author(s):

Marcela Jandlová ◽

Vojtěch Kumbár ◽

Alžbeta Jarošová ◽

Markéta Stará ◽

Roman Pytel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acid Ester ◽

Phthalic Acid ◽

Limit Set ◽

Phthalic Acid Esters ◽

Bamboo Fibre ◽

Phthalic Acid Ester ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Impact ◽

Acid Esters ◽

Migration Limit

Phthalic acid esters are used as plastic softeners and also can be found in food packaging materials. European legislation defines specific migration limits of plastic additives for plastic materials that come into contact with food. This study monitors the phthalic acid ester concentrations in yogurts after manufacturing and then after a 3‑week storage. The studied yoghurts were natural yogurt with 1 % of chia flour, natural yogurt with 5 % of chia flour, natural yogurt with 1 % of bamboo fibre, natural yogurt with 5 % of bamboo fibre and natural yogurt. The analysed phthalic acid esters were dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di‑(2‑ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). The average phthalate concentrations in plastic cups were detected for DBP of 59.5 µg/g and for DEHP of 9.0 µg/g of the plastic material. Higher DBP concentrations than DEHP concentrations were also found in all studied yogurts. The average DBP concentrations in yogurts were detected from 1.8 µg/g up to 5.0 µg/g of the original matter and the average DEHP concentrations were determined from 0.5 µg/g up to 1.0 µg/g of the original matter. No statistically significant difference was found when comparing phthalic acid ester concentrations in yogurts immediately after production and after three weeks of storage. However, in our study in all cases of yogurts, the DBP concentrations were higher than the specific migration limit set by the legislation (0.3 mg/kg) and the DEHP concentrations were in all cases of yogurts lower than the specific migration limit set by the legislation (1.5 mg/kg).

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Urban Watercourses in Peril: Implications of Phthalic Acid Esters on Aquatic Ecosystems Caused by Urban Sprawl

Water ◽

10.3390/w11030519 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 519 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mahesh Jayaweera ◽

Gimhani Danushika ◽

Nilanthi Bandara ◽

Janith Dissanayake ◽

Buddhika Gunawardana ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sri Lanka ◽

Urban Sprawl ◽

Phthalic Acid ◽

Phthalic Acid Esters ◽

Aquatic Life ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Household Products ◽

Butyl Phthalate ◽

Acid Esters

Urban sprawl worldwide warrants the use of large quantities of industrial and household products containing phthalic acid esters (PAEs) resulting in adverse impacts on the quality of aquatic life in urban watercourses. The presence of six PAEs (dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di(n-butyl) phthalate (DBP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and di(n-octyl) phthalate (DnOP)) in 22 shallow urban watercourses in Colombo and suburbs of Sri Lanka was investigated. The average concentrations of DEP, DBP, BBP, and DEHP in all watercourses varied between 2.5–265.0, 1.0–32.0, 61–108, and 12–165 µg/L, respectively. DMP and DnOP were below the limits of quantification (DMP-0.5 µg/L, DnOP-1.0 µg/L) for all watercourses. DEHP was the most abundant PAE in many watercourses. The significant factors affecting the ubiquitous presence of PAEs in watercourses are the inherent properties of each PAE, presence of industrial and household products with great potential for the migration of PAEs in the sub-catchments, and quality of the receiving water. The contamination levels of PAEs in most of the watercourses are alarmingly high, as evidenced by higher concentrations of DEHP and DBP than those of Canadian permissible levels for the protection of aquatic life (16 and 19 µg/L). This study was the first effort in Sri Lanka to investigate the presence of PAEs in urban watercourses.

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Loss of Phthalic Acid Ester from Polyvinyl Chloride Tubing into Various Fluids1

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-43.7.551 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 43 (7) ◽

pp. 551-554 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

JANE S. MUELLER ◽

R. L. BRADLEY

Keyword(s):

Polyvinyl Chloride ◽

Phthalic Acid ◽

Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽

Phthalic Acid Esters ◽

Milk Products ◽

Phthalic Acid Ester ◽

Aoac Method ◽

The Individual ◽

Deformation Tests ◽

Acid Esters

Migration of phthalic acid esters (PAE) from polyvinyl chloride (Tygon) tubing, approved for use with processed milk and milk products, was measured under conditions simulating normal daily use. Squares of tubing were soaking in water at 18, 44, and 72 C; milk at 38 C; aqueous solutions of two chlorinated alkaline cleaners at 62 C and use dilution; and three sanitizers at 24 C and use dilution. Each soaking solution was extracted using the AOAC Method for organochlorine pesticides and analyzed quantitatively for PAEs by gas liquid chromatography. Water at 72 C extracted greater amounts of PAEs than water at 18 or 44 C. Milk extracted the least amounts of PAEs; values were usually less than 1 ppb per day. Little difference was seen between the two chlorinated alkaline cleaners. Sanitizers, in general, extracted the greatest quantities of PAEs, averaging about 3 ppb per day. Leaching patterns of the individual sanitizers varied. Deformation tests were made on the used squares of tubing with a penetrometer. No change was found compared to samples of unused tubing (control), indicating longer use and greater PAE loss is necessary before tubing flexibility is affected.

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Preliminary study on diminution level of RNA/DNA ratio in tissue of Labeo rohita by exposure to some endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs)

Aceh Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.13170/ajas.1.1.3800 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 16-20

Author(s):

Rita Verma ◽

Atul K. Singh ◽

Kamal Jaiswal

Keyword(s):

Acid Ester ◽

Phthalic Acid ◽

Natural Waters ◽

Labeo Rohita ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Endocrine Disrupting Compounds ◽

Phthalic Acid Ester ◽

Endocrine Disrupting ◽

Butyl Phthalate ◽

Ethylhexyl Phthalate

Effects of EDCs particularly on RNA/DNA ratio are yet to be investigated to manage the effluents in natural waters. We investigated exposure effects of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) phthalic acid ester (PAE) and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) on the RNA/DNA ratio in tissue of an Indian major carp Labeo rohita. Fish were exposed to pre-determined sublethal concentrations of phthalic acid ester (Di-methyl phthalate (DMP), di-butyl phthalate (DBP), and di-(2- ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and also HCH for determining the tissue RNA/DNA ratio after 30, 60 and 90 days of exposure in the doses of 0.2 mg L-1, 0.3 mg L-1, and 0.5 mg L-1 respectively. All these tested chemicals significantly (P0.05) inhibited RNA/DNA ratio. The ratio gradually significantly (P0.05) decreased after DEHP where it was 1.9±0.51 F1, 18=15.8 P=0.014 n=19; in case of DBP it was 1.92±0.62 F1, 20=6.5 P=0.012 n=19 and for HCH it was 0.94±0.21 F1, 18=18.08 P=0.0012 n=19 at treatments concentrations of 0.3 mg L-1 and 0.5 mg L-1, compared to control (2.9±0.2) after 90 days. However, there was no statistical significance (P0.05) in RNA/DNA ratio after the DMP (F1, 20=2.4 P=0.15n=21) treatment.

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Detection of phthalic acid esters in the packaging films of meat products

Acta Veterinaria Brno ◽

10.2754/avb201483s10s59 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 83 (10) ◽

pp. S59-S64

Author(s):

Soňa Bogdanovičová ◽

Alžbeta Jarošová ◽

Josef Kameník

Keyword(s):

Phthalic Acid ◽

High Performance ◽

Meat Products ◽

Phthalic Acid Esters ◽

Packaging Films ◽

Materials Used ◽

Butyl Phthalate ◽

Ethylhexyl Phthalate ◽

Acid Esters

The contents of di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) were monitored in materials used for packaging films of meat products. A printed sample and a non-printed sample were taken from each of the packaging films analysed, the sample area being 1 dm2, to determine whether or not there is increased presence of phthalates in printed packaging films compared to non-printed packaging films, and to assess possible risks arising from their use. The determination of DBP and DEHP was conducted using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with the Zorbax Eclipse C8 column and UV detection at a wavelength of 224 nm. Concentrations of phthalates ranged from 2.18 to 81.33 µg∙dm-2 in printed samples and from 2.25 to 69.88 µg∙dm-2 in those without printing. This study shows different contents of phthalates in printed and non-printed areas of packaging films. The printed area had in most cases a higher content of phthalates probably due to the content of the substances in the printing colours.

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Contents and Characteristics of Phthalic Acid Esters in Municipal Sewage Sludge in Jiangsu Province

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.861 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 864-867 ◽

pp. 861-865

Author(s):

Xiao Li Zhao ◽

Wei Zhu ◽

De Fu Xu ◽

Cui Ying ◽

Yun Xia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sewage Sludge ◽

Phthalic Acid ◽

Municipal Wastewater ◽

Jiangsu Province ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Municipal Sewage ◽

Municipal Sewage Sludge ◽

Phthalic Acid Esters ◽

Phthalic Acid Ester ◽

Acid Esters

Concentrations of 6 kinds of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in sewage sludge from 20 typical municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Jiangsu province were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) . The results shows that the sewage sludge samples contain phthalic acid ester compounds, which total content of phthalic acid esters ( PAEs) range from 15.126 to 71.107 ug/g (dry sludge). The content of diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) is the highest, which amounts more than 80% of total phthalic acid esters (PAE); the content of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) is low ,which is less than 1.0 ug/g;Diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) are detected in each sludge sample, but which content display greater difference; Dioctyl phthalate (DOP) in most cities is not detected.

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Distribution of phthalic acid esters in agricultural plants and soil

Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis ◽

10.11118/actaun201159030233 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 59 (3) ◽

pp. 233-238 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Gabriela Zorníková ◽

A. Jarošová ◽

L. Hřivna

Keyword(s):

Triticum Aestivum ◽

Zea Mays ◽

Brassica Napus ◽

Phthalic Acid ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Organic Fertilizers ◽

Phthalic Acid Esters ◽

Butyl Phthalate ◽

The Individual ◽

Acid Esters

The study observed the occurrence of di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in the soil and agricultural crops (Triticum aestivum, Brassica napus, Zea mays) and their distribution to the individual parts. For the experiment were selected 4 locations in central Moravia. At two locations (L1, L2) winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) was grown, at the third location (L3) winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus), and at the fourth location (L4) flint corn (Zea mays). The soil samples (n = 72) and whole plant samples (n = 78) were collected during the vegetation. The aboveground and underground parts of plants, ears, siliques and seeds were analyzed separately.The values of DBP in soil at all areas ranged from 0.28 to 1.59 mg.kg−1 of dry matter and DEHP < 0.03 to 0.73 mg.kg−1 of dry matter. The soil at the L4 site, which was the most fertilized with organic fertilizers, especially manure, was detected significantly (P < 0.05) to show the highest values of both the PAEs (phthalic acid esters) observed (DBPL4 1.59 ± 0.07 mg.kg−1 of dry matter, DEHPL4 0.73 ± 0.18 mg.kg−1 of dry matter).Average concentrations measured in underground parts of monitored crops ranged from 1.68 to 14.26 mg.kg−1 of dry matter for DBP, and 0.12 to 10.34 mg.kg−1 of dry matter for DEHP. Values detected in aboveground parts were 0.03 to 8.84 mg.kg−1 of dry matter for DBP, and 0.25 to 4.59 mg.kg−1 of dry matter for DEHP. Average values of DBP in final products ranged from 0.05 to 0.83 mg.kg−1 of dry matter, and < 0.06 to 0.98 mg.kg−1 of dry matter for DEHP.

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Phthalic Acid Esters: Natural Sources and Biological Activities

Toxins ◽

10.3390/toxins13070495 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 495

Author(s):

Ling Huang ◽

Xunzhi Zhu ◽

Shixing Zhou ◽

Zhenrui Cheng ◽

Kai Shi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phthalic Acid ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Phthalic Acid Esters ◽

Dimethyl Phthalate ◽

Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽

Natural Sources ◽

Butyl Phthalate ◽

Bacteria And Fungi ◽

Ethylhexyl Phthalate ◽

Acid Esters

Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are a class of lipophilic chemicals widely used as plasticizers and additives to improve various products’ mechanical extensibility and flexibility. At present, synthesized PAEs, which are considered to cause potential hazards to ecosystem functioning and public health, have been easily detected in the atmosphere, water, soil, and sediments; PAEs are also frequently discovered in plant and microorganism sources, suggesting the possibility that they might be biosynthesized in nature. In this review, we summarize that PAEs have not only been identified in the organic solvent extracts, root exudates, and essential oils of a large number of different plant species, but also isolated and purified from various algae, bacteria, and fungi. Dominant PAEs identified from natural sources generally include di-n-butyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, dimethyl phthalate, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, diisooctyl phthalate, etc. Further studies reveal that PAEs can be biosynthesized by at least several algae. PAEs are reported to possess allelopathic, antimicrobial, insecticidal, and other biological activities, which might enhance the competitiveness of plants, algae, and microorganisms to better accommodate biotic and abiotic stress. These findings suggest that PAEs should not be treated solely as a “human-made pollutant” simply because they have been extensively synthesized and utilized; on the other hand, synthesized PAEs entering the ecosystem might disrupt the metabolic process of certain plant, algal, and microbial communities. Therefore, further studies are required to elucidate the relevant mechanisms and ecological consequences.

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Genetic diversity of phthalic acid esters-degrading bacteria isolated from different geographical regions of China

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek ◽

10.1007/s10482-009-9390-z ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 97 (1) ◽

pp. 79-89 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Renxing Liang ◽

Xueling Wu ◽

Qinyun Dai ◽

Decai Jin ◽

Yangyang Wang

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Phthalic Acid ◽

Phthalic Acid Esters ◽

Degrading Bacteria ◽

Geographical Regions ◽

Acid Esters

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Evaluation of the Removal of Selected Phthalic Acid Esters (PAEs) in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants Supported by Constructed Wetlands

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26226966 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (22) ◽

pp. 6966

Author(s):

Daniel Wolecki ◽

Barbara Trella ◽

Fei Qi ◽

Piotr Stepnowski ◽

Jolanta Kumirska

Keyword(s):

Constructed Wetlands ◽

Phthalic Acid ◽

Municipal Wastewater ◽

Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽

Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽

Phthalic Acid Esters ◽

Euonymus Europaeus ◽

Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽

Butyl Phthalate ◽

Acid Esters

Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) have a negative impact on living organisms in the environment, therefore, are among the group of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (ECDs). Unfortunately, conventional methods used in municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWWTPs) are not designed to eliminate PAEs. For this reason, the development of cheap and simple but very effective techniques for the removal of such residues from wastewater is crucial. The main aim of this study was the evaluation of the removal of six selected PAEs: diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DOP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and dimethyl phthalate (DMP), in real MWWTPs supported by constructed wetlands (MWWTP–CW system). For the first time, the possibility of using three new plants for this purpose, Cyperus papyrus (papyrus), Lysimachia nemorum (yellow pimpernel) and Euonymus europaeus (European spindle), has been presented. For determining the target PAEs in wastewater samples, a method of SPE (Solid-Phase Extraction)–GC–MS(SIM) was developed and validated, and for plant materials, a method of UAE (Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction)–SPE–GC–MS(SIM) was proposed. The obtained data showed that the application of the MWWTP–CW system allows a significant increase in the removal of DEP, DBP, BBP and DEHP from the wastewater stream. Euonymus europaeus was the most effective among the tested plant species for the uptake of analytes (8938 ng × g−1 dry weight), thus, this plant was found to be optimal for supporting conventional MWWTPs.

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