scholarly journals The impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 epidemic growth in the 37 OECD member states

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Pozo-Martin ◽  
Heide Weishaar ◽  
Florin Cristea ◽  
Johanna Hanefeld ◽  
Thurid Bahr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Early Phase ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
Multilevel Modelling ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Public Places ◽  
Member States ◽  
Unit Increase ◽  
Policy Decision Making ◽  
The Impact

AbstractWe estimated the impact of a comprehensive set of non-pharmeceutical interventions on the COVID-19 epidemic growth rate across the 37 member states of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic and between October and December 2020. For this task, we conducted a data-driven, longitudinal analysis using a multilevel modelling approach with both maximum likelihood and Bayesian estimation. We found that during the early phase of the epidemic: implementing restrictions on gatherings of more than 100 people, between 11 and 100 people, and 10 people or less was associated with a respective average reduction of 2.58%, 2.78% and 2.81% in the daily growth rate in weekly confirmed cases; requiring closing for some sectors or for all but essential workplaces with an average reduction of 1.51% and 1.78%; requiring closing of some school levels or all school levels with an average reduction of 1.12% or 1.65%; recommending mask wearing with an average reduction of 0.45%, requiring mask wearing country-wide in specific public spaces or in specific geographical areas within the country with an average reduction of 0.44%, requiring mask-wearing country-wide in all public places or all public places where social distancing is not possible with an average reduction of 0.96%; and number of tests per thousand population with an average reduction of 0.02% per unit increase. Between October and December 2020 work closing requirements and testing policy were significant predictors of the epidemic growth rate. These findings provide evidence to support policy decision-making regarding which NPIs to implement to control the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Trends and Perspectives of PRC's Energy Policy Making Institutions and Policies

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-124
Author(s):  
Chulwon Lee
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Energy Policy ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Policy Debate ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Policy Decision Making ◽  
Future Direction ◽  
The Impact

The future direction of China's approach to energy policy making is, of course, difficult to predict. This is due not only to the opaque and fragmented nature of Chinese energy policy decision-making, but also to the fact that energy policy is a new topic for China's leaders and the individuals they rely on for advice to master that impinges on the interests of actors throughout the Chinese bureaucracy. The wide range of participants in the energy policy debate indicates that more diversified views on it probably reach the top leadership. The impact of the multiplicity of opinions is two-fold. It can result in more informed decision-making, but it can also delay the process as decision makers must assess a larger number of competing and sometimes contradictory views.

A Review of the Application of Fuzzy Cognitive Maps in the Policy Decision-Making Life Cycle

2014 ◽  
pp. 129-148
Author(s):  
Andreas S. Andreou ◽  
Haris Neophytou ◽  
Constantinos Stylianou
Keyword(s):  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
Cognitive Maps ◽  
Fuzzy Cognitive Maps ◽  
Qualitative Modeling ◽  
Current State ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Policy Decision Making ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The Impact

Fuzzy cognitive maps are a qualitative modeling technique that uses expert knowledge to attempt to represent the interactions between problem-specific factors aiming to simulate how these interactions alter the factors and drive the current state of a problem to a different state. Recent years have seen an increase in the number of research attempts that propose the adoption of Fuzzy cognitive maps (FCMs) as a means to forecast the effect of a policy in a number of interesting domains, including land use, urban (re)development, and other social, political, or economic issues or to simulate the current state of affairs to pinpoint possible hotspots for creating a policy. This chapter presents an overview of these research attempts where fuzzy cognitive maps have been employed as a simulation tool in order to support decision makers in their assessment of the impact of policies and help them adopt the most suitable policy to implement.

Charles E. Lindblom, “The Science of Muddling Through”

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Migone ◽  
Michael Howlett
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Punctuated Equilibrium ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
Policy Sciences ◽  
Marginal Analysis ◽  
Policy Decision Making ◽  
Decision Making Model ◽  
The Impact

This chapter discusses “The Science of Muddling Through”, a 1959 paper by Charles E. Lindblom that has influenced several generations of thinking about public policy decision-making in complex situations such as government and bureaucracy. The focus of Lindblom’s paper is on incrementalism, which he originally developed in the early 1950s as a decision-making model. Incrementalism refers to the study of “muddling through” behavior on the part of actual administrators and executives and is also called the method of “successive limited comparison” or “marginal” analysis by Lindblom. This chapter examines the impact of “The Science of Muddling Through” on the development of incrementalism and decision-making studies in the policy sciences. It also considers the influence of incrementalism on budgeting and management and on “punctuated equilibrium” thinking about decision-making outcomes. It concludes with an analysis of criticisms against incrementalism.

scholarly journals The Impact of the German Drg-System on Policy Decision Making in Ent

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. A613
Author(s):  
M. Fichtenbauer ◽  
M. Kosaner ◽  
M. Urban
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
Drg System ◽  
German Drg System ◽  
Policy Decision Making ◽  
The Impact

Assessing the production and the impact of cultivated oysters in the Thau lagoon (Mediterranee, France) with a population dynamics model

2001 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 1012-1020 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Gangnery ◽  
C Bacher ◽  
D Buestel
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Standing Stock ◽  
Individual Growth ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Mediterranean Mussel ◽  
Thau Lagoon ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

The Thau lagoon (France) has been studied for many years because of its ecological interest related to economic activities: shellfish cultivation, tourism, and industry. The standing stock of cultivated filter feeders is around 20 000 t and consists of two main species, the Japanese oyster Crassostrea gigas and the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. To predict changes in the standing stock and the annual production, a mathematical model of the population dynamics was defined. It was based on the continuous equation of the density as a function of the mortality rate, the individual growth rate, and the interindividual variability. The daily growth rate was derived from field surveys and depended on the phytoplankton concentration and individual weight. The model also took into account the rearing strategy of the producers defined by the timetable of seeding and harvesting, obtained by an inquiry among the producers and used to simulate real cases of standing stock changes. The model was also used to assess the potential impact on the environment through the computation of the food consumption, which was compared with the residence time and the primary production.

scholarly journals Resistensi Hubungan Luar Negeri Amerika Serikat dan Iran: Studi Kasus Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA)

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 144-175
Author(s):  
Wildan Ilmanuarif Shafar ◽  
Dian Mutmainah
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Government ◽  
Comprehensive Plan ◽  
Policy Decision Making ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The U.S

Since 2015 the United States has been a signatory of the historic nuclear agreement with Iran known formally as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), which was also agreed by other P5+1 countries. JCPOA is the achievement of the U.S. and other P5+1 countries' negotiations with Iran regarding the limitation of Iran's nuclear program. JCPOA is also known to be the vital instrument to reduce Iran's capabilities regarding its aggressive behavior and malign activities, creating destabilization in the Middle East. However, in 2018 the United States government decided to withdraw its participation from the JCPOA. As we know, this decision had an impact on Iran's behavior, which several times violated the contents of the JCPOA agreement even though they did not leave the agreement. We are also witnessing the impact of this decision increase the conflict between the US and Iran in recent years. This research aims to explain the rationale of the U.S. decision to withdraw from the JCPOA nuclear agreement with Iran in 2018. This research using the foreign policy decision-making framework model by Charles W. Kegley and Gregory A. Raymond. This concept focuses on explaining factors of foreign policy decision-making in three sources of analysis and the process of foreign policy-making based on rational choice.

scholarly journals Provincial Data-linkage to Address Complex Policy Challenges

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Coad ◽  
Caelan Marrville ◽  
Dan MacKenzie ◽  
Lori Henderson ◽  
Naomi Pope ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Data Science ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Privacy And Security ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Policy Decision Making ◽  
Clinical Records ◽  
The Impact

IntroductionThe Province of British Columbia, Canada has established a Data Innovation Program (DI Program) and a Data Science Partnerships Program (DSP Program) to use integrated public-sector data to drive insights into complex policy challenges and support the public good. These programs are a part of the province's new Integrated Data. Objectives and ApproachThe DI Program was built to enable policy decisions based on a more complete picture of the citizen journey across and throughout government programs. It provides a privacy and security framework for corporate data analytics and a cross-government secure research environment. The DSP Program provides analytics and/or project support for high-priority cross-government projects. The opportunity afforded by this approach to policy decision-making is that valuable data and evidence from multiple sectors can be utilized to make positive changes in the lives of citizens. ResultsThe IDO has partnered with cross government experts on a series of pilot projects that used linked data spanning social services, families and households, education, and health and clinical records. Research topics ranged from the prediction of risk of long-term unemployment, to the impact of the foreign home buyers tax, to the effectiveness of labour market programs. Throughout our presentation we will use these projects as case examples to address the benefits and opportunities provided through our citizen-centred, integrated approach. Conclusion/ImplicationsThe future of policy decision-making in terms of service delivery relies on mutually beneficial collaboration and the evidence-based insight available through integrated data. Moving forward, it is essential that researchers across government make the most out of integrated population-level data to solve pressing issues affecting the lives of citizens.

scholarly journals «Nord stream-2» as a mechanism of Russian economic influence on the policy of the European States

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
Member States ◽  
European Continent ◽  
Political Role ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Nord Stream ◽  
The Impact

The article analyzes political aspects of construction Russian pipeline Nord Stream-2 and its influence on relations between EU member states and the Russian Federation. During the research, it was in detail analyzed the impact of the Russian capital on the process of foreign policy decision making by European governments. The article proves, that the Russian pipeline Nord Stream-2 is not economic, but the politically motivated project. The subject of research of the article is increasing the dependence of EU member-states from Russian influence as a result of construction Nord Stream 2, which is one of the elements of the hybrid policy of the Russian Federation, aimed against EU and NATO member states. The purpose of the article is to analyze the mechanism of the Russian energy influence on the policy of the European states, to reveal threats for the energy security of the European continent, and the impact of economic ties on policy-making of the states regarding Russian aggressive policy. The research describes, how Russia enhances the dependence of European states from natural gas and oil supplies, that appears in the strengthening of Russian political role in Europe. Special attention is paid to the impact of Nord Stream-2 on French and German position on Russia`s military aggression against Ukraine. This research allows in detail to study the problem, to analyze threats in purpose to develop an effective mechanism of countering this energy threat. The research activity of this nature may be useful for forming the strategy of saving the status of the transit state of Ukraine and the development of the dialogue with partner states in the context of the construction of the security system and countering Russian influence.

Representing All Women

2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Angevine
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
American Foreign Policy ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
Policy Domain ◽  
Original Dataset ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Mother Country ◽  
Women And Girls ◽  
Policy Decision Making ◽  
The Impact

Is sisterhood global? This study investigates if women in Congress are representing women worldwide by extending their surrogate representation of American women to women in foreign countries. Congressional research shows that race affects surrogate representation across borders via transnationalism. I test whether this also applies to gender when no shared “mother country” unites women, there are divisions over how to represent women, and American foreign policy is considered a stereotypically masculine policy domain. With an original dataset of three Congresses (2005–2010), I test if female House Representatives are more likely to introduce foreign policy legislation that targets foreign women and girls by applying regression analysis. Controlling for likely individual, electoral, and institutional incentives, I find that gender matters and that women in Congress are more likely to introduce legislation on behalf of women worldwide, acting as global surrogates. These findings offer new insights into the boundaries of surrogate representation, congressional foreign policy decision making, the influence of gender on international relations, and the impact of women in Congress.

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