scholarly journals Effect of biomass-based carbon capture on the sustainability and economics of pulp and paper production in the Nordic mills

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katja Kuparinen ◽  
Satu Lipiäinen ◽  
Esa Vakkilainen ◽  
Timo Laukkanen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Policy Instrument ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Paper Production

AbstractBioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is one of the key negative emission technologies (NETs). Large-scale implementation of BECCS has been criticized of the associated increase in land use. The existing large Nordic pulp and paper production units enable BECCS deployment without additional land use, as they currently release large amounts of bio-based carbon dioxide (CO2). The application of BECCS in pulp mills has been found technically feasible in earlier studies. This study explores key factors that affect the propensity to invest in BECCS in different types of existing European pulp and paper mills. The results give fresh understanding on the effects of BECCS on the market price of pulp and paper products and the required level of incentives. Based on statistical data, the marginal carbon dioxide credit (€ per ton CO2) to make BECCS profitable was derived. The results show that the required level of credit greatly depends on the mill type and details and that the feasibility of BECCS does not clearly correlate with the economic performance or the measured efficiency of the mill. The most promising mill type, a market kraft pulp mill, would find BECCS profitable with a credit in the range of 62–70 €/tCO2 and a credit of 80 €/tCO2 would decrease pulp production costs by 15 €/tproduct on average if 50% of CO2 emissions was captured. The EU Emission Trading System (ETS) is the main policy instrument to achieve the climate targets related to fossil energy use, but does not yet contemplate bio-based emissions.

scholarly journals Deploying Low Carbon Public Procurement to Accelerate Carbon Removal

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Dunford ◽  
Robert Niven ◽  
Christopher Neidl
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Carbon Materials ◽  
Public Procurement ◽  
Emerging Technology ◽  
Regulatory Environment ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Procurement Strategies ◽  
And Storage

Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) will be required to keep global temperature rise below 2°C based on IPCC models. Greater adoption of carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS) technologies will drive demand for CDR. Public procurement of low carbon materials is a powerful and under-utilized tool for accelerating the development and of CCUS through a targeted and well-regulated approach. The policy environment is nascent and presents significant barriers for scaling and guiding emerging technology solutions. The concrete sector has unique attributes that make it ideally suited for large-scale low-carbon public procurement strategies. This sector offers immediate opportunities to study the efficacy of a supportive policy and regulatory environment in driving the growth of CCUS solutions.

scholarly journals Enabling Large-Scale Carbon Capture, Utilisation, and Storage (CCUS) Using Offshore Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Infrastructure Developments—A Review

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1945 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Ingolf Eide ◽  
Melissa Batum ◽  
Tim Dixon ◽  
Zabia Elamin ◽  
Arne Graue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Reservoir Performance ◽  
High Investment ◽  
Co2 Eor ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
And Storage

Presently, the only offshore project for enhanced oil recovery using carbon dioxide, known as CO2-EOR, is in Brazil. Several desk studies have been undertaken, without any projects being implemented. The objective of this review is to investigate barriers to the implementation of large-scale offshore CO2-EOR projects, to identify recent technology developments, and to suggest non-technological incentives that may enable implementation. We examine differences between onshore and offshore CO2-EOR, emerging technologies that could enable projects, as well as approaches and regulatory requirements that may help overcome barriers. Our review shows that there are few, if any, technical barriers to offshore CO2-EOR. However, there are many other barriers to the implementation of offshore CO2-EOR, including: High investment and operation costs, uncertainties about reservoir performance, limited access of CO2 supply, lack of business models, and uncertainties about regulations. This review describes recent technology developments that may remove such barriers and concludes with recommendations for overcoming non-technical barriers. The review is based on a report by the Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF).

scholarly journals Large-Scale Implementation of Bioenergy With Carbon Capture and Storage in the Swedish Pulp and Paper Industry Involving Biomass Supply at the Regional Level

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Karlsson ◽  
Anders Eriksson ◽  
Fredrik Normann ◽  
Filip Johnsson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Pulp And Paper Industry ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Capture Process ◽  
Logging Residues ◽  
Biomass Supply ◽  
Heat Demand ◽  
Negative Emissions

Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) has been identified as a possible major contributor to efforts to reach ambitious climate targets through the provision of negative emissions–offsetting residual fossil emissions in “hard-to-abate” sectors and accomplishing net-negative emissions. The pulp and paper industry is the single largest consumer of biomass in Sweden, with many large point sources of biogenic CO2 emissions that could be captured. This work investigates the biomass supply required for large-scale implementation of BECCS in the pulp and paper industry. Logging residues are considered as a fuel to supply the additional energy demand imposed by the capture plant, and the potential of these residues is evaluated in a case study that includes four pulp and paper mills located in regions of Sweden with different conditions for biomass supply. Two of the mills are located in southern Sweden, where there is strong competition for logging residues from the heating sector, and two of the mills are located in northern Sweden, where the competition is weaker. We show that implementing carbon capture at the four pulp and paper mills using regional logging residues to supply the additional heat demand required by the capture process (the reboiler heat demand) has the potential to capture around 4.6 Mt CO2/year. The results also show that the fuel share of the capture cost, i.e., the cost to supply the reboiler heat demand with regional logging residues, is 22–30 €/tCO2 captured, where the lower value corresponds to regions with weaker competition for logging residues (in this study, northern Sweden). In regions that have competition for logging residues, the possibility to increase the regional supply of logging residues to fuel the capture process while maintaining mill production output is limited, which in turn limits the possibilities to generate negative emissions via BECCS. In contrast, in regions with a low level of competition and strong availability of logging residues, there is an additional potential for logging residues to cover the additional heat demand required for CCS implementation.

Turning carbon dioxide into fuel

2010 ◽  
Vol 368 (1923) ◽  
pp. 3343-3364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Jiang ◽  
T. Xiao ◽  
V. L. Kuznetsov ◽  
P. P. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Political Support ◽  
Synthetic Fuels ◽  
Science And Engineering ◽  
Syngas Production ◽  
Future Demands

Our present dependence on fossil fuels means that, as our demand for energy inevitably increases, so do emissions of greenhouse gases, most notably carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). To avoid the obvious consequences on climate change, the concentration of such greenhouse gases in the atmosphere must be stabilized. But, as populations grow and economies develop, future demands now ensure that energy will be one of the defining issues of this century. This unique set of (coupled) challenges also means that science and engineering have a unique opportunity—and a burgeoning challenge—to apply their understanding to provide sustainable energy solutions. Integrated carbon capture and subsequent sequestration is generally advanced as the most promising option to tackle greenhouse gases in the short to medium term. Here, we provide a brief overview of an alternative mid- to long-term option, namely, the capture and conversion of CO 2 , to produce sustainable, synthetic hydrocarbon or carbonaceous fuels, most notably for transportation purposes. Basically, the approach centres on the concept of the large-scale re-use of CO 2 released by human activity to produce synthetic fuels, and how this challenging approach could assume an important role in tackling the issue of global CO 2 emissions. We highlight three possible strategies involving CO 2 conversion by physico-chemical approaches: sustainable (or renewable) synthetic methanol, syngas production derived from flue gases from coal-, gas- or oil-fired electric power stations, and photochemical production of synthetic fuels. The use of CO 2 to synthesize commodity chemicals is covered elsewhere ( Arakawa et al.  2001 Chem. Rev. 101 , 953–996); this review is focused on the possibilities for the conversion of CO 2 to fuels. Although these three prototypical areas differ in their ultimate applications, the underpinning thermodynamic considerations centre on the conversion—and hence the utilization—of CO 2 . Here, we hope to illustrate that advances in the science and engineering of materials are critical for these new energy technologies, and specific examples are given for all three examples. With sufficient advances, and institutional and political support, such scientific and technological innovations could help to regulate/stabilize the CO 2 levels in the atmosphere and thereby extend the use of fossil-fuel-derived feedstocks.

scholarly journals Searching for a Public in Controversies over Carbon Dioxide Removal: An Issue Mapping Study on BECCS and Afforestation

2021 ◽  
pp. 016224392110435
Author(s):  
Laurie Waller ◽  
Tim Rayner ◽  
Jason Chilvers
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Digital Media ◽  
Science And Technology Studies ◽  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Carbon Capture And Storage ◽  
Science And Policy ◽  
Public Issues ◽  
Media Technologies

The roles digital media-technologies play in raising public issues relating to emerging technologies and their potential for engaging publics with science and policy assessments is a lively field of inquiry in Science and Technology Studies (STS). This paper presents an analysis of controversies over proposals for the large-scale removal of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CDR). The study combines a digital method (web-querying) with document analysis to map debates about two CDR approaches: bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) and afforestation. In the first step, we locate actors using the web to engage with BECCS and afforestation and map their alignments in relation to competing framings of CDR. In a second step, we examine the devices deployed by UK-based actors to evidence and contest the feasibility of BECCS and afforestation. Our analysis shows that policy distinctions between “natural” and “engineered” CDR are used flexibly in practice and do not map neatly onto actor engagement with BECCS and afforestation. We highlight the predominance of cross-cutting techno-economic expertise and argue that framings of CDR as a solution to governing climate change may contribute to public disengagement from climate policy processes. The paper reflects on methods for studying controversies, publics, and issues emerging around processes of technoscientific assessment.

scholarly journals Effect of Physical Properties of Synthesized Protic Ionic Liquid On Carbon Dioxide Absorption Rate

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amita Chaudhary ◽  
Ashok N Bhaskarwar
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Activation Energy ◽  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Synthesis Process ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Absorption ◽  
Protic Ionic Liquid ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Gas

Abstract Concentration of carbon dioxide gas has accelerated from the last two decades which cause drastic changes in the climatic conditions. In industries, carbon capture plants use volatile organic solvent which causes many environmental threats. So, a low-cost green absorbent has been formulated with nontoxicity and high selectivity properties for absorbing carbon dioxide gas. This paper contains the synthesis process along with the structure confirmation using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR, and mass spectroscopy. Density, viscosity, and diffusivity are measured at different ranges with standard instruments. The kinetic studies were also conducted in a standard predefined-interface stirred-cell reactor. The kinetic parameters were calculated at different parameters like agitation speeds, absorption temperature, initial concentrations of ionic liquid, and partial pressure of carbon dioxide. The reaction regime of carbon dioxide absorption is found to be in fast reaction kinetics with pseudo first order. The reaction rate and the activation energy of CO2 absorption are experimentally determined in the range of 299 K to 333K with different initial concentrations of ionic liquid (0.1-1.1 kmol/m3). The second order rate constant and activation energy of carbon dioxide absorption in the synthesized ionic liquid is found to be (6385.93 to 12632.01 m3 mol-1 s-1) and 16.61 kJ mol−1 respectively. This solvent has shown great potential to absorb CO2 at large scale.

scholarly journals Cost Analysis of Nuclear Hydrogen Production Using IAEA-HEEP 4 Software

2021 ◽  
Vol 2048 (1) ◽  
pp. 012005
Author(s):  
E Dewita ◽  
R Prassanti ◽  
K S Widana ◽  
Y S B Susilo
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Production Cost ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Outlet Temperature ◽  
Nuclear Heat ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Hydrogen is a commercially important element. Basically, there are several methods of hydrogen production that have been commercially used, such as Steam Methane Reforming (SMR), High Temperature Steam Electrolysis (HTSE), and thermochemical cycles, like Sulphur-Iodine (SI). Among these methods, SMR is the most widely used for large-scale hydrogen production, with conversion efficiency between 74–85% and it has commercially used in some fertilizer industries in Indonesia. Steam reforming is a method to convert alkane (natural gas) compounds to hydrogen and carbon dioxide (synthetic gas) by adding moisture at high pressure and temperature (35-40 bar; 800-900°C). These hydrogen production technologies can be coupled with different nuclear reactors based on the heat required in the process. The High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor (HTGR) using helium as a coolant, has a high outlet temperature (900°C), so it can potentially be used to supply for process heat for hydrogen production, coal liquefaction/gasification or for other industrial processes requiring high temperature heat. Hydrogen production cost from SMR method is influenced by a range of technical and economic factors. The fuel component of natural gas needed in the SMR method can be replaced by nuclear heat from a nuclear power plant (NPP) operating in cogeneration mode (i.e. simultaneous producing electric power and heat), hence contributing to the reduction of carbon dioxide in the process. In the SMR method, fuel costs are the largest cost component, accounting for between 45% and 75% of production costs. Therefore, there is opportune to assess the economics of hydrogen production by using nuclear heat. The economic evaluation is done by using IAEA HEEP-4 Software. The results comprise cost break up for 2 cases, coupling SMR process for hydrogen production with: (1) 2 HTGRs of 170 MWth/unit; and (2) 1 HTGR of 600 MWth/unit. The cost of hydrogen production is highly depend on the scale of the NPP as energy source and results indicated that hydrogen production cost of the 1 HTGR Unit600 MWth (Case 2) has a lower value (1.72 US$/kgH2), than the cost obtained when 2 HTGR units of 170 MWth each (case 1) are considered (2.72 US$/kgH2). For comparison, the hydrogen production cost by using SMR with carbon capture and storage (CCS) with natural gas as fuel is 2.27 US$/kgH2.

scholarly journals Impact of bioenergy crops expansion on climate-carbon cycle feedbacks in overshoot scenarios

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Melnikova ◽  
Olivier Boucher ◽  
Patricia Cadule ◽  
Katsumasa Tanaka ◽  
Thomas Gasser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Carbon Cycle ◽  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Carbon Capture And Storage ◽  
Climate Feedback ◽  
Bioenergy Crops ◽  
Carbon Uptake ◽  
Carbon Loss ◽  
Fertilization Effect

Abstract. Stringent mitigation pathways frame the deployment of second-generation bioenergy crops combined with Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) to generate negative CO2 emissions. This Bioenergy with CCS (BECCS) technology facilitates the achievement of the long-term temperature goal of the Paris Agreement. Here, we use five state-of-the-art Earth System models (ESMs) to explore the consequences of large-scale BECCS deployment on the carbon cycle and carbon-climate feedback under the CMIP6 SSP5-3.4-OS overshoot scenario, keeping in mind that all these models use generic crop vegetation to simulate BECCS crops. We show that an extensive cropland expansion for BECCS causes ecosystem carbon loss that drives the acceleration of carbon turnover and affects the estimates of the absolute values of the global carbon-concentration β and carbon-climate γ feedback parameters. Both parameters decrease so that global β becomes less positive, and γ – more negative. Over the 2000–2100 period, the land-use change (LUC) for BECCS leads to an offset of the β-driven carbon uptake by 12.2 % and amplifies the γ-driven carbon loss by 14.6 %. A human choice on land area allocation for energy crops should take into account not only the potential amount of the bioenergy yield but also the LUC emissions, and the associated loss of future potential change in the carbon uptake via the β and γ feedbacks. The dependency of the estimates of β and γ on LUC is very strong after the middle of the 21st century in the SSP5-3.4-OS scenario but it also affects other SSP scenarios and should be taken into account by the integrated assessment modelling teams and accounted for in mitigation policies so as to limit the reductions of the CO2 fertilization effect where BECCS or land use expansion of short vegetation is applied.

scholarly journals The Influence of Pulp and Paper Industry on Environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 308 ◽  
pp. 02007
Author(s):  
Shiyue Jiang ◽  
Binjie Li ◽  
Yufei Shen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Carbon Capture And Storage ◽  
Pulp And Paper Industry ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Paper Production ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Pulp Processing ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Currently, paper consumption is globally increasing and at an unsustainable level. However, traditional paper production could release excessive greenhouse gas emissions or wastewater, resulting in environmental contamination. To make the result more visual and persuasive, this study takes Time magazine as an example to analyze the impacts of the papermaking process on the environment. This study analyzes energy consumption from several sectors in the paper industry, carbon dioxide emissions, and discharge of condensed wastewater to show current consumption during traditional pulp and paper production. Results show that the papermaking process would consume a lot of electricity during the pulp preparing, pulp condition, pulp preparation, manufacture paper with pulp, and pulp processing stages. Meanwhile, various degree of carbon emissions is generated based on the physical and chemical changes in materials during the papermaking process. Two kinds of wastewater, including black and white liquor, are produced in the papermaking process. Several countermeasures are suggested to achieve a low consumption and sustainable development of the pulp and paper industry to solve these environmental problems. The suggestion includes the surrogate of electronic paper, carbon capture and storage, and wastewater recycling.

scholarly journals Carbon Removal as Carbon Revival? Bioenergy, Negative Emissions, and the Politics of Alternative Energy Futures

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Palmer ◽  
Wim Carton
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Climate Warming ◽  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Carbon Capture And Storage ◽  
Biomass Combustion ◽  
Negative Emissions ◽  
And Storage

Conscious of the need to limit climate warming to 1.5 degrees, many countries are pinning their hopes upon carbon dioxide (CO2) removal through the industrial-scale combination of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS). But it is not merely by storing captured CO2 that BECCS enthusiasts hope to harness biomass combustion for climate repair. Increasingly, more productive and ostensibly profitable uses for captured CO2 are also being identified. The concept of BECCS is evolving, in other words, into “BECCUS” —bioenergy with carbon capture, utilisation and storage. Against this backdrop, this Perspective sets out two main arguments. Firstly, regardless of the precise use to which captured CO2 is put, efforts to predicate large-scale negative emissions upon biomass combustion should in our view be understood as attempts to reconfigure the fundamental relationship between climate change and energy use, turning the latter from a historical driver of climate warming into a remedial tool of climate repair. Secondly, the emergence of BECCUS cannot be understood solely as an attempt to make bioenergy-based negative emissions more economically viable. At stake, rather, are conflicting ideas about the role that intensive energy use should play in future global sustainable development pathways. This Perspective therefore calls for governance frameworks for carbon dioxide removal to adjudicate between conflicting approaches to achieving negative emissions not only on the basis of technical efficiency, or even “on-the-ground” social and environmental impacts, but also according to compatibility with socially legitimate visions and understandings of what energy—and more specifically energy use—should ultimately be for in the post-fossil fuel era.

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