scholarly journals Biosecurity policy and legislation for the global seaweed aquaculture industry

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 2133-2146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iona Campbell ◽  
Cicilia S. B. Kambey ◽  
Jonalyn P. Mateo ◽  
Sadock B. Rusekwa ◽  
Anicia Q. Hurtado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Natural Capital ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Aquatic Animal ◽  
Farmed Fish ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Seaweed Aquaculture ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Unit Value ◽  
Aquaculture Industry

AbstractEach year a significant proportion of global food production is lost to pests and diseases, with concerted efforts by government and industry focussed on application of effective biosecurity policies which attempt to minimise their emergence and spread. In aquaculture the volume of seaweeds produced is second only to farmed fish and red algal carrageenophytes currently represent approximately 42% of global production of all seaweeds. Despite this importance, expansion of the seaweed sector is increasingly limited by the high prevalence of recalcitrant diseases and epiphytic pests with potential to emerge and with the demonstrated propensity to spread, particularly in the absence of effective national and international biosecurity policies. Developing biosecurity policy and legislation to manage biosecurity risk in seaweed aquaculture is urgently required to limit these impacts. To understand current international biosecurity frameworks and their efficacy, existing legislative frameworks were analysed quantitatively for the content of biosecurity measures, applicability to the seaweed industry, and inclusion of risks posed by diseases, pests and non-native species. Deficiencies in existing frameworks included the following: inconsistent terminology for inclusion of cultivated seaweeds, unclear designation of implementation responsibility, insufficient evidence-based information and limited alignment of biosecurity hazards and risks. Given the global importance of the cultivation of various seaweeds in alleviating poverty in low and middle income countries, it is crucial that the relatively low-unit value of the industry (i.e. as compared with other aquatic animal sectors) should not conflate with a perceived low risk of disease or pest transfer, nor the subsequent economic and environmental impact that disease transfer may impact on receiving nations (well beyond their seaweed operations). Developing a clear basis for development of robust international biosecurity policies related to the trade in seaweeds arising from the global aquaculture industry, by first addressing the gaps highlighted in this study, will be crucial in limiting impacts of pests and diseases on this valuable industry and on natural capital in locations where seaweeds are farmed.

Vertical Trade Specialization and the Formation of North-South PTAs

2012 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 622-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark S. Manger
Keyword(s):  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Preferential Trade Agreements ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Trade Specialization ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The North ◽  
Economic Rationale ◽  
Unit Value ◽  
Vertical Trade ◽  
Capital Intensive

During the last two decades, the number of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) grew almost exponentially to over 270 by 2010. A majority of these are agreements between developed and developing countries. Existing models provide little economic rationale for these agreements, but the existing literature lumps North-South PTAs together with other types of trade pacts. This article offers an explanation focused on the movement of less capital-intensive manufacturing from North to South, which in turn stimulates the exchange of similar goods differentiated by unit value—also referred to as vertical intra-industry trade. The North exports more capitalintensive goods, while more labor-intensive goods are produced and traded by the South. This kind of specialization creates incentives for governments to support PTAs. The author tests this model using a new measure of vertical trade specialization and finds strong evidence that such specialization promotes PTA formation. North-South PTAs should therefore be seen as part of a broader shift of manufacturing from high- to middle-income countries.

Burden of pediatric neurosurgical disease in a rural developing country: perspectives from southwest Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Toyin A. Oyemolade ◽  
Amos O. Adeleye ◽  
Ayodele J. Olusola ◽  
Busayo A. Ehinola ◽  
Ebosetale P. Aikhomu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Country ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Hospital Treatment ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Common Presentation ◽  
Neurosurgical Patients ◽  
Specialized Care ◽  
Southwest Nigeria

OBJECTIVE The proportion of the global burden of neurosurgical disease represented by pediatric neurosurgical pathology is unknown, especially in lower-middle income countries (LMICs) where there exists no known data-driven literature on the subject. In this study, the authors aimed to quantify the pediatric neurosurgical disease profile in a rural area of a developing country. METHODS This was a prospective observational study of all pediatric neurosurgical patients managed at a single center over a 30-month period. RESULTS Overall, 226 pediatric patients were included in the study (150 males and 76 females, male/female ratio 2:1), accounting for 20.4% of the total patient population during the study period. The modal age distribution was the 0- to 4-year-old group (32.3%), and head injury was the most common presentation, occurring alone in 157 patients (69.5%). Hydrocephalus alone was seen in 21 patients (9.3%) and in combination with myelomeningocele in 4 patients (1.8%). Brain tumors were found in 6 patients (2.7%), infective lesions in 6 patients (2.7%), and encephaloceles in 2 patients (0.9%). The treatment outcome was good in 170 patients (75.2%). Fourteen patients (6.2%) were referred to more advanced health facilities for specialized care; 29 patients (12.8%) were discharged against medical advice, mostly because of financial constraints; and 8 patients (3.5%) died. Several surgical cases could not be performed because of sundry logistical constraints. CONCLUSIONS Pediatric neurosurgical disease accounted for one-fifth of the neurosurgical workload at a tertiary health facility in southwest Nigeria. Trauma was the most common presentation, and optimal in-hospital treatment, including surgery, was hampered by severe logistical constraints in a significant proportion of the cases.

scholarly journals Economic Analysis of Severe TBI Treatment in Uganda

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (28) ◽  
pp. 1637-1650
Author(s):  
Michael Haglund ◽  
Lauren Simpsom ◽  
Jonathan Chang ◽  
Anthony Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Economic Benefit ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Health Benefit ◽  
Human Capital Approach ◽  
Mulago Hospital ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Severe Tbi ◽  
Data Surveillance ◽  
Long Term Impact

Introduction: Although the majority of the global burden of disease occurs in low- and middle-income countries, there is a paucity of data surveillance and analysis on the incidence of, morbidity and mortality associated with, and economic costs attributable to traumatic brain injury (TBI).Methods: A prognostic model was used to estimate outcomes of conservative and neurosurgical treatment for severe TBI based on data from a cohort of patients at the national referral hospital, Mulago Hospital, in Uganda during a 13-month study period. To evaluate the long-term impact of treatment for severe TBI, averted DALYs were calculated and converted to dollars using the human capital and the value of a statistical life (VSL) approaches. This cohort was then used as a representative sample for assessing the benefit of treating severe TBI for all of Uganda.Results: During the study period, 127 cases of severe TBI were treated averting 1,448 DALYs [0,0,0], 1,075 DALYs [3,1,0.04], or 974 DALYs [3,1,0.03]. Using the human capital approach, the economic benefit of intervention ranged from $1.3 million to $1.7 million. The VSL approach estimated an economic benefit of $282,902 to over $11 million. The health benefit of treating severe TBI for all Ugandans was estimated at between about 11,000 and 17,000 averted DALYs per year with an annual potential economic benefit of $15 to $20 million as determined with the human capital approach and $3.3 to $130 million with the VSL approach.Discussion: Treatment of severe TBI in Uganda has the potential to reduce a significant proportion of morbidity, mortality, and economic burden, which indicates the importance of treating severe TBI in developing countries. 

scholarly journals Exploring Perceived Well-Being from Urban Parks: Insights from a Megacity in Latin America

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 7586
Author(s):  
Andrea Parra-Saldívar ◽  
Sebastián Abades ◽  
Juan L. Celis-Diez ◽  
Stefan Gelcich
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Urban Parks ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Ecological Knowledge ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The Relationship

Urbanization has impacted biodiversity and ecosystems at a global scale. At the same time, it has been recognized as a driver of the physical and emotional gap between humans and nature. The lack of direct contact with nature can have a negative impact on several aspects of human well-being and change knowledge and attitudes of people towards the environment. However, this phenomenon is still poorly understood in megacities outside developed countries. Here, we explore the relationship between ecological knowledge and self-reported well-being in an important urban park in Santiago, Chile. We conducted semi-structured surveys of park users to explore their beliefs, preferences, ecological knowledge of plants and birds, and self-reported well-being. Citizens associated urban parks mainly with “nature,” and particularly with the presence of trees and plants. Trees were recognized as the most relevant elements of urban parks; in turn, birds were ranked as the less relevant. Regarding formal ecological knowledge, respondents correctly identified an average of 2.01 plants and 2.44 birds out of a total of 10 for each taxon, and exotic species were more likely to be recognized. Park users also reported high scores for self-reported well-being. Interestingly, variance of self-reported well-being scores tended to increase at low levels of ecological knowledge of trees, but no significant relationship was detected with knowledge of birds, nor native species. Ecological knowledge of trees was positively related to self-reported well-being. Results suggest that parks can positively contribute to bring people closer to nature in middle-income countries. Improving ecological knowledge can be critical to restore the relationship between humans and nature in megacities.

scholarly journals Will COVID-19 fiscal recovery packages accelerate or retard progress on climate change?

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S359-S381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cameron Hepburn ◽  
Brian O’Callaghan ◽  
Nicholas Stern ◽  
Joseph Stiglitz ◽  
Dimitri Zenghelis
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Natural Capital ◽  
Climate Impact ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Physical Infrastructure ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Economic Multiplier

Abstract The COVID-19 crisis is likely to have dramatic consequences for progress on climate change. Imminent fiscal recovery packages could entrench or partly displace the current fossil-fuel-intensive economic system. Here, we survey 231 central bank officials, finance ministry officials, and other economic experts from G20 countries on the relative performance of 25 major fiscal recovery archetypes across four dimensions: speed of implementation, economic multiplier, climate impact potential, and overall desirability. We identify five policies with high potential on both economic multiplier and climate impact metrics: clean physical infrastructure, building efficiency retrofits, investment in education and training, natural capital investment, and clean R&D. In lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs) rural support spending is of particular value while clean R&D is less important. These recommendations are contextualized through analysis of the short-run impacts of COVID-19 on greenhouse gas curtailment and plausible medium-run shifts in the habits and behaviours of humans and institutions.

scholarly journals Properties of Carotenoids in Fish Fitness: A Review

Marine Drugs ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 568
Author(s):  
Toshiki Nakano ◽  
Geert Wiegertjes
Keyword(s):  
Egg Quality ◽  
Fish Tissue ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Ros Production ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Farmed Fish ◽  
Natural Pigments ◽  
Aquaculture Industry ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Living Organisms

Carotenoids, one of the most common types of natural pigments, can influence the colors of living organisms. More than 750 kinds of carotenoids have been identified. Generally, carotenoids occur in organisms at low levels. However, the total amount of carotenoids in nature has been estimated to be more than 100 million tons. There are two major types of carotenoids: carotene (solely hydrocarbons that contain no oxygen) and xanthophyll (contains oxygen). Carotenoids are lipid-soluble pigments with conjugated double bonds that exhibit robust antioxidant activity. Many carotenoids, particularly astaxanthin (ASX), are known to improve the antioxidative state and immune system, resulting in providing disease resistance, growth performance, survival, and improved egg quality in farmed fish without exhibiting any cytotoxicity or side effects. ASX cooperatively and synergistically interacts with other antioxidants such as α-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, and glutathione located in the lipophilic hydrophobic compartments of fish tissue. Moreover, ASX can modulate gene expression accompanying alterations in signal transduction by regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Hence, carotenoids could be used as chemotherapeutic supplements for farmed fish. Carotenoids are regarded as ecologically friendly functional feed additives in the aquaculture industry.

scholarly journals A review of the impacts of salmonid farming on marine coastal ecosystems in the southeast Pacific

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (7) ◽  
pp. 1338-1345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro H. Buschmann ◽  
Verónica A. Riquelme ◽  
María C. Hernández-González ◽  
Daniel Varela ◽  
Jaime E. Jiménez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Ecosystem Approach ◽  
Coastal Ecosystems ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Farmed Fish ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Farming Industry

Abstract The production of farmed salmonids in Chile reached 550 000 t in 2004. The industry is considered to be consolidated, but with potential for further expansion to the south into pristine coastal areas. The environmental impacts of the salmonid farming industry in Chile were reviewed in 1996, and evidence at that time did not suggest significant adverse effects. However, after almost ten years of sustained growth, current evidence indicates that significant loss of benthic biodiversity and localized changes in the physico-chemical properties of sediments have occurred in areas with salmonid farms. Furthermore, the presence of these farms significantly increases in pulses the density of dinoflagellates. Data suggest that escaped farmed fish may have an impact on native species, although their survival in the wild appears low. The abundance of omnivorous diving and carrion-feeding marine birds increased from twofold to fivefold in areas with salmon farms compared with control areas without them. It is urgent that an ecosystem approach be implemented to assess all impacts of salmonid farming on coastal ecosystems in southern Chile.

scholarly journals A review on the use of dried distiller’s grains with solubles (DDGS) in aquaculture feeds

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gyan Watson Ray ◽  
Xuehe Li ◽  
Shuqing He ◽  
Huaxing Lin ◽  
Qihui Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Health System ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Aquatic Animal ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Plant Protein Sources ◽  
Aquaculture Industry ◽  
Immune Health

Abstract Distiller’s dried grains with soluble (DDGS) to replace fishmeal (FM) or other plant protein sources and its effects on an aquatic animal’s growth performance and health system is rarely discussed. In recent times FM use in aquafeed has been a problem for the aquaculture industry because of the depletion of fish resources in the ocean and the high cost of FM. For that reason, researchers are focusing on reducing the cost of aquafeed production by lowering the inclusion of FM in aquafeed. One of the low-cost alternative protein sources to replace FM is DDGS. The present review discusses the compilation of available literature review and other works on the use of DDGS to replace FM in aquafeed and how it improves the growth performance, immune health system, and disease resistance in an aquatic animal. It focuses on the production of DDGS, the nutritional composition of DDGS, the chemical and physical characteristics of DDGS, and the effects of the DDGS inclusion in aquafeed on the aquatic animal. Apart from improving the growth performance of the aquatic animal when included in aquafeed, it also helps improve the immune health system of the animal. It also helps boost the immune system of the aquatic animal to fight diseases and increase disease resistance when included in aquafeed. Furthermore, DDGS also contains some constituents like carotenoids that help improve the meat quality of the animal when included in aquafeed. The current review also discusses the management and use of technology to improve the aquaculture industry, educate farmers on reducing diseases during the culturing periods, and increase productivity and profit in a friendly environment.

scholarly journals Assessing the irradiance levels of phototherapy devices in Jos, north central, Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 1088
Author(s):  
Akinyemi O. D. Ofakunrin ◽  
Udochukwu M. Diala ◽  
Bose O. Toma ◽  
David D. Shwe ◽  
Sanusi Gidado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Emitting Diode ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Neonatal Morbidity ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
North Central ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Routine Assessment

Background: Neonatal jaundice (NNJ) remains a major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality in Nigeria with significant contribution to the global figures. Effective phototherapy can reduce the complications associated with NNJ. The effectiveness of a phototherapy device (PD) depends mainly on the emitted irradiance of the device. We, therefore, assessed the irradiance of the PDs in Jos, North Central Nigeria in order to determine the effectiveness of the devices and to highlight the need for routine assessment of irradiance levels of PDs in low-middle income settings.Methods: This was a cross- sectional study involving 14 hospitals with a total of 38 functional PDs comprising of 25 (65.8%) locally fabricated, eight (21.0%) light- emitting diode (LED) and five (13.2%) conventional patented devices. The irradiance was measured using the BiliBlanket® light meter II.Results: The irradiance of the PDs ranged from 2 to 102μW/cm2/nm with a median value of 10.6 (IQR 6-18μW/cm2/nm).   Sixteen devices (42.1%) had a suboptimal irradiance (<10μW/cm2/nm); while only five (13.2%) provided irradiance at the intensive level (≥30μW/cm2/nm). The mean distance between the babies and phototherapy lights was 35.1±12.7cm (range 15-70cm).Conclusions: A significant proportion of the PDs in Jos delivered suboptimal irradiance which could reduce the effectiveness of the phototherapy. The irradiance of PDs needs to be assessed regularly and measures should be instituted to improve the irradiance to the optimum level in order to reduce the burden of kernicterus.

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