scholarly journals Multidisciplinary studies supporting conservation programmes of two rare, endangered Limonium species from Spain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara González-Orenga ◽  
Ma Pilar Donat-Torres ◽  
Josep V. Llinares ◽  
Albert Navarro ◽  
Francisco Collado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Salt Marshes ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Number Of Individuals

Abstract Background and aims Two local threatened endemics from Valencian salt marshes were analysed from a multidisciplinary perspective combining field studies with experiments performed under greenhouse-controlled conditions. The work aimed to investigate the habitat of the two species but also to explore their limits of tolerance to severe drought and salinity and the mechanisms behind their stress responses. Methods The number of individuals in several populations, climatic conditions, soil characteristics and accompanying vegetation in the natural habitats were analysed in the field study. Plants obtained by seed germination were grown in the greenhouse and subjected to one month of water and salt stress treatments. Growth and biochemical parameters were analysed after the treatments were finalised. Results No correlation between climatic parameters and the number of individuals censed of the two Limonium species could be established. Although L. dufourii was found in more saline soils in the natural habitats, under controlled greenhouse conditions, this species was more severely affected by salt treatment than L. albuferae, which is more susceptible to water stress. A common biochemical response was the increase of proline under all stress treatments, but mostly in water-stressed plants. Oxidative stress markers, MDA and H2O2, did not indicate significant differences between the treatments. The differences in the two species' responses to the two kinds of stress were correlated with the activation of the antioxidant enzymes, more pronounced in conditions of salt stress in L. albuferae and of water stress in L. dufourii. Conclusions Although L. albuferae is found in sites with lower salinity in the natural habitats, the greenhouse experiment indicated that it tolerates higher concentrations of salt than L. dufouri, which is more resistant to drought. The two species efficiently mitigate oxidative stress by activation of antioxidant enzymes. The results obtained may be helpful for the conservation management of the two species: whereas salinity is not problematic, as the two species tolerated under controlled conditions salinities far beyond those in their natural environments, water scarcity may be a problem for L. albuferae, which proved to be more susceptible to water deficit.

scholarly journals Sodium Chloride-Induced Salt Stress Responses of Antioxidative Activities in Leaves and Roots of Pistachio Rootstock

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Akbari ◽  
Ramesh katam ◽  
Rabab Husain ◽  
Mostafa Farajpour ◽  
Silvia Mazzuca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Salinity Treatment ◽  
Leaves And Roots

Salinity substantially affects plant growth and crop productivity worldwide. Plants adopt several biochemical mechanisms including regulation of antioxidant biosynthesis to protect themselves against the toxic effects induced by the stress. One-year-old Pistachio rootstock exhibiting different degrees of salinity tolerance were subjected to sodium chloride induced salt stress to identify genetic diversity among cultivated pistachio rootstock for their antioxidant responses, and to determine the correlation of these enzymes to salinity stress. Leaves and roots were harvested following NaCl-induced stress. Results show that a higher concentration of NaCl treatment induced oxidative stress in the leaf tissue and to a lesser extent in the roots. Both tissues showed an increase in ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, peroxidase and malondialdehyde. Responses of antioxidant enzymes were cultivar dependent, as well as temporal and dependent on the salinity level. Linear and quadratic regression model analysis revealed significant correlation of enzyme activities to salinity treatment in both tissues. The variation in salinity tolerance reflected their capabilities in orchestrating antioxidant enzymes at the roots and harmonized across the cell membranes of the leaves. The study provides a better understanding of root and leaf coordination in regulating the antioxidant enzymes to NaCl induced oxidative stress.

scholarly journals Investigation of an Antioxidative System for Salinity Tolerance in Oenanthe javanica

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 940
Author(s):  
Sunjeet Kumar ◽  
Gaojie Li ◽  
Jingjing Yang ◽  
Xinfang Huang ◽  
Qun Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Antioxidant Defense System ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Oenanthe Javanica ◽  
Water Dropwort

Abiotic stress, such as drought and salinity, severely affect the growth and yield of many plants. Oenanthe javanica (commonly known as water dropwort) is an important vegetable that is grown in the saline-alkali soils of East Asia, where salinity is the limiting environmental factor. To study the defense mechanism of salt stress responses in water dropwort, we studied two water dropwort cultivars, V11E0022 and V11E0135, based on phenotypic and physiological indexes. We found that V11E0022 were tolerant to salt stress, as a result of good antioxidant defense system in the form of osmolyte (proline), antioxidants (polyphenols and flavonoids), and antioxidant enzymes (APX and CAT), which provided novel insights for salt-tolerant mechanisms. Then, a comparative transcriptomic analysis was conducted, and Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in the carbohydrate metabolic process could reduce oxidative stress and enhance energy production that can help in adaptation against salt stress. Similarly, lipid metabolic processes can also enhance tolerance against salt stress by reducing the transpiration rate, H2O2, and oxidative stress. Furthermore, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed that DEGs involved in hormone signals transduction pathway promoted the activities of antioxidant enzymes and reduced oxidative stress; likewise, arginine and proline metabolism, and flavonoid pathways also stimulated the biosynthesis of proline and flavonoids, respectively, in response to salt stress. Moreover, transcription factors (TFs) were also identified, which play an important role in salt stress tolerance of water dropwort. The finding of this study will be helpful for crop improvement under salt stress.

scholarly journals Role of Silicon in Mediating Salt Tolerance in Plants: A Review

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong-Xing Zhu ◽  
Hai-Jun Gong ◽  
Jun-Liang Yin
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Polyamine Metabolism ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Aquaporin Gene ◽  
Ion Imbalance ◽  
The Impact

Salt stress is a major threat for plant growth worldwide. The regulatory mechanisms of silicon in alleviating salt stress have been widely studied using physiological, molecular genetics, and genomic approaches. Recently, progresses have been made in elucidating the alleviative effects of silicon in salt-induced osmotic stress, Na toxicity, and oxidative stress. In this review, we highlight recent development on the impact of silicon application on salt stress responses. Emphasis will be given to the following aspects. (1) Silicon transporters have been experimentally identified in different plant species and their structure feature could be an important molecular basis for silicon permeability. (2) Silicon could mediate salt-induced ion imbalance by (i) regulating Na+ uptake, transport, and distribution and (ii) regulating polyamine levels. (3) Si-mediated upregulation of aquaporin gene expression and osmotic adjustment play important roles in alleviating salinity-induced osmotic stress. (4) Silicon application direct/indirectly mitigates oxidative stress via regulating the antioxidant defense and polyamine metabolism. (5) Omics studies reveal that silicon could regulate plants’ response to salt stress by modulating the expression of various genes including transcription factors and hormone-related genes. Finally, research areas that require further investigation to provide a deeper understanding of the role of silicon in plants are highlighted.

scholarly journals Responses to Increased Salinity and Severe Drought in the Eastern Iberian Endemic Species Thalictrum maritimum (Ranunculaceae), Threatened by Climate Change

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1251
Author(s):  
Sara González-Orenga ◽  
Calin Trif ◽  
Mͣ Pilar Donat-Torres ◽  
Josep V. Llinares ◽  
Francisco Collado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Deficit ◽  
Endemic Species ◽  
Salt Marshes ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Rare And Endangered Species ◽  
Rare And Endangered ◽  
Number Of Individuals

Thalictrum maritimum is an endangered, endemic species in East Spain, growing in areas of relatively low salinity in littoral salt marshes. A regression of its populations and the number of individuals has been registered in the last decade. This study aimed at establishing the causes of this reduction using a multidisciplinary approach, including climatic, ecological, physiological and biochemical analyses. The climatic data indicated that there was a direct negative correlation between increased drought, especially during autumn, and the number of individuals censused in the area of study. The susceptibility of this species to water deficit was confirmed by the analysis of growth parameters upon a water deficit treatment applied under controlled greenhouse conditions, with the plants withstanding only 23 days of complete absence of irrigation. On the other hand, increased salinity does not seem to be a risk factor for this species, which behaves as a halophyte, tolerating in controlled treatments salinities much higher than those registered in its natural habitat. The most relevant mechanisms of salt tolerance in T. maritimum appear to be based on the control of ion transport, by (i) the active transport of toxic ions to the aerial parts of the plants at high external salinity—where they are presumably stored in the leaf vacuoles to avoid their deleterious effects in the cytosol, (ii) the maintenance of K+ concentrations in belowground and aboveground organs, despite the increase of Na+ levels, and (iii) the salt-induced accumulation of Ca2+, particularly in stems and leaves. This study provides useful information for the management of the conservation plans of this rare and endangered species.

scholarly journals Responses to Salinity in Four Plantago Species from Tunisia

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1392
Author(s):  
Hela Belhaj Ltaeif ◽  
Anis Sakhraoui ◽  
Sara González-Orenga ◽  
Anbu Landa Faz ◽  
Monica Boscaiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Plantago Ovata ◽  
Stress Markers ◽  
As Species ◽  
Nacl Concentration ◽  
Antioxidant Metabolites ◽  
Mechanisms Of Salt Tolerance

The genus Plantago is particularly interesting for studying the mechanisms of salt tolerance in plants, as it includes both halophytes and glycophytes, as well as species adapted to xeric environments. In this study, the salt stress responses of two halophytes, P. crassifolia and P. coronopus, were compared with those of two glycophytes, P. ovata and P. afra. Plants obtained by seed germination of the four species, collected in different regions of Tunisia, were subjected to increasing salinity treatments for one month under greenhouse conditions. Morphological traits and biochemical parameters, such as ion accumulation and the leaf contents of photosynthetic pigments, osmolytes, oxidative stress markers and antioxidant metabolites, were measured after the treatments. Salt-induced growth inhibition was more pronounced in P. afra, and only plants subjected to the lowest applied NaCl concentration (200 mM) survived until the end of the treatments. The biochemical responses were different in the two groups of plants; the halophytes accumulated higher Na+ and proline concentrations, whereas MDA levels in their leaves decreased, indicating a lower level of oxidative stress. Overall, the results showed that P. coronopus and P. crassifolia are the most tolerant to salt stress, and P. afra is the most susceptible of the four species. Plantago ovata is also quite resistant, apparently by using specific mechanisms of tolerance that are more efficient than in the halophytes, such as a less pronounced inhibition of photosynthesis, the accumulation of higher levels of Cl− ions in the leaves, or the activation of K+ uptake and transport to the aerial part under high salinity conditions.

scholarly journals Comparative Genomic and Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal Habitat Differentiation and Different Transcriptional Responses during Pectin Metabolism in Alishewanella Species

2013 ◽  
Vol 79 (20) ◽  
pp. 6351-6361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaejoon Jung ◽  
Woojun Park
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Genomic Islands ◽  
Comparative Genomic ◽  
Pectin Degradation ◽  
Transcriptional Responses ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Habitat Differentiation

ABSTRACTAlishewanellaspecies are expected to have high adaptability to diverse environments because they are isolated from different natural habitats. To investigate how the evolutionary history ofAlishewanellaspecies is reflected in their genomes, we performed comparative genomic and transcriptomic analyses ofA. jeotgali,A. aestuarii, andA. agri, which were isolated from fermented seafood, tidal flat sediment, and soil, respectively. Genomic islands with variable GC contents indicated that invasion of prophage and transposition events occurred inA. jeotgaliandA. agribut not inA. aestuarii. Habitat differentiation ofA. agrifrom a marine environment to a terrestrial environment was proposed because the species-specific genes ofA. agriwere similar to those of soil bacteria, whereas those ofA. jeotgaliandA. aestuariiwere more closely related to marine bacteria. Comparative transcriptomic analysis with pectin as a sole carbon source revealed different transcriptional responses inAlishewanellaspecies, especially in oxidative stress-, methylglyoxal detoxification-, membrane maintenance-, and protease/chaperone activity-related genes. Transcriptomic and experimental data demonstrated thatA. agrihad a higher pectin degradation rate and more resistance to oxidative stress under pectin-amended conditions than the other 2Alishewanellaspecies. However, expression patterns of genes in the pectin metabolic pathway and of glyoxylate bypass genes were similar among all 3Alishewanellaspecies. Our comparative genomic and transcriptomic data revealed thatAlishewanellaspecies have evolved through horizontal gene transfer and habitat differentiation and that pectin degradation pathways inAlishewanellaspecies are highly conserved, although stress responses of eachAlishewanellaspecies differed under pectin culture conditions.

scholarly journals Exogenously Applied Gibberellic Acid Enhances Growth and Salinity Stress Tolerance of Maize through Modulating the Morpho-Physiological, Biochemical and Molecular Attributes

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1005
Author(s):  
Kashif Shahzad ◽  
Sadam Hussain ◽  
Muhammad Arfan ◽  
Saddam Hussain ◽  
Ejaz Ahmad Waraich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Seed Priming ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Genes Expression ◽  
Antioxidant Enzymes Activities

Soil salinity is the major limiting factor restricting plant growth and development. Little is known about the comparative and combined effects of gibberellic acid (GA3) seed priming and foliar application on maize under salt stress. The current study determined the impact of different application methods of GA3 on morpho-physiological, biochemical and molecular responses of maize seedlings under three salinity stress treatments (no salinity, moderate salinity-6 dS m−1, and severe salinity-12 dS m−1). The GA3 treatments consisted of control, hydro-priming (HP), water foliar spray (WFS), HP + WFS, seed priming with GA3 (GA3P, 100 mg L−1), foliar spray with GA3 (GA3FS, 100ppm) and GA3P + GA3FS. Salt stress particularly at 12 dS m−1 reduced the length of shoots and roots, fresh and dry weights, chlorophyll, and carotenoid contents, K+ ion accumulation and activities of antioxidant enzymes, while enhanced the oxidative damage and accumulation of the Na+ ion in maize plants. Nevertheless, the application of GA3 improved maize growth, reduced oxidative stress, and increased the antioxidant enzymes activities, antioxidant genes expression, and K+ ion concentration under salt stress. Compared with control, the GA3P + GA3FS recorded the highest increase in roots and shoots length (19-37%), roots fresh and dry weights (31-43%), shoots fresh and dry weights (31-47%), chlorophyll content (21-70%), antioxidant enzymes activities (73.03-150.74%), total soluble protein (13.05%), K+ concentration (13-23%) and antioxidants genes expression levels under different salinity levels. This treatment also reduced the H2O2 content, and Na+ ion concentration. These results indicated that GA3P + GA3FS could be used as an effective tool for improving the maize growth and development, and reducing the oxidative stress in salt-contaminated soils.

scholarly journals Salt stress in popcorn genotypes trigger changes of antioxidant enzymes

2019 ◽  
pp. 1607-1616
Author(s):  
Claudia Borsari Trevizan ◽  
Cristine Bonacina ◽  
Letícia Lourenceto ◽  
Tiago Benedito dos Santos ◽  
Silvia Graciele Hülse de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Maximum Activity ◽  
Antioxidant Genes ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Differential Expression Pattern ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Osmotic Activity

Salinity is a major problem in agriculture because it can alter the metabolism of plants and affect crop yield. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of NaCl on growth, key antioxidants and changes in the expression of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes. Two popcorn genotypes, IAC125 and UFMV2, experienced reduction in growth as the salt concentration increased. Increase in chlorophyll content and damage to the plasma membrane was observed. Consequently, changes in osmotic activity led to reduced water content in the leaves. Increased concentration of salt increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in two popcorn genotypes but maximum activity was observed in the IAC125 genotype. Such enzymatic activities occur in order to maintain the levels of lipid peroxidation under salt stress, indicating that this genotype is tolerant to salinity conditions. The ZmAPX, ZmCAT, ZmSOD (Cu/Zn) and ZmSOD (Mn) genes increased their expression as salinity increased. The ZmSOD (Fe) gene was highly regulated in the IAC125 genotype under salt stress, but low regulation was observed in the UFM2 genotype, regardless of the salt concentration. The enhancement in tolerance against salt stress indicates that the genes involved in the antioxidative process are triggered by oxidative stress induced by abiotic stresses. These results showed that the popcorn varieties have different levels of salt tolerance due to the differential expression pattern of the antioxidant genes. The up-regulation of antioxidant enzymatic activity could lead to increased scavenging of excessive free radicals and reduce oxidative stress.

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