scholarly journals Sodium Chloride-Induced Salt Stress Responses of Antioxidative Activities in Leaves and Roots of Pistachio Rootstock

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Akbari ◽  
Ramesh katam ◽  
Rabab Husain ◽  
Mostafa Farajpour ◽  
Silvia Mazzuca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Salinity Treatment ◽  
Leaves And Roots

Salinity substantially affects plant growth and crop productivity worldwide. Plants adopt several biochemical mechanisms including regulation of antioxidant biosynthesis to protect themselves against the toxic effects induced by the stress. One-year-old Pistachio rootstock exhibiting different degrees of salinity tolerance were subjected to sodium chloride induced salt stress to identify genetic diversity among cultivated pistachio rootstock for their antioxidant responses, and to determine the correlation of these enzymes to salinity stress. Leaves and roots were harvested following NaCl-induced stress. Results show that a higher concentration of NaCl treatment induced oxidative stress in the leaf tissue and to a lesser extent in the roots. Both tissues showed an increase in ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, peroxidase and malondialdehyde. Responses of antioxidant enzymes were cultivar dependent, as well as temporal and dependent on the salinity level. Linear and quadratic regression model analysis revealed significant correlation of enzyme activities to salinity treatment in both tissues. The variation in salinity tolerance reflected their capabilities in orchestrating antioxidant enzymes at the roots and harmonized across the cell membranes of the leaves. The study provides a better understanding of root and leaf coordination in regulating the antioxidant enzymes to NaCl induced oxidative stress.

scholarly journals Sodium Chloride Induced Stress Responses of Antioxidative Activities in Leaves and Roots of Pistachio Rootstock

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Akbari ◽  
Ramesh Katam ◽  
Rabab Husain ◽  
Mostafa Farajpour ◽  
Silvia Mazzuca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Salinity Treatment ◽  
Induced Stress ◽  
Leaves And Roots

Salinity substantially affects plant growth and crop productivity worldwide. Plants adopt several biochemical mechanisms including regulation of antioxidant biosynthesis to protect themselves against the toxic effects induced by the stress. One-year-old pistachio rootstock exhibiting different degrees of salinity tolerance were subjected to sodium chloride induced stress to identify genetic diversity among cultivated pistachio rootstock for their antioxidant responses, and to determine the correlation of these enzymes to salinity stress. Leaves and roots were harvested following NaCl-induced stress. The results showed that a higher concentration of NaCl treatment induced oxidative stress in the leaf tissue and to a lesser extent in the roots. Both tissues showed an increase in ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, peroxidase, and malondialdehyde. Responses of antioxidant enzymes were cultivar dependent, as well as temporal and dependent on the salinity level. Linear and quadratic regression model analysis revealed significant correlation of enzyme activities to salinity treatment in both tissues. The variation in salinity tolerance reflected their capabilities in orchestrating antioxidant enzymes at the roots and harmonized across the cell membranes of the leaves. This study provides a better understanding of root and leaf coordination in regulating the antioxidant enzymes to NaCl induced oxidative stress.

scholarly journals Investigation of an Antioxidative System for Salinity Tolerance in Oenanthe javanica

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 940
Author(s):  
Sunjeet Kumar ◽  
Gaojie Li ◽  
Jingjing Yang ◽  
Xinfang Huang ◽  
Qun Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Antioxidant Defense System ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Oenanthe Javanica ◽  
Water Dropwort

Abiotic stress, such as drought and salinity, severely affect the growth and yield of many plants. Oenanthe javanica (commonly known as water dropwort) is an important vegetable that is grown in the saline-alkali soils of East Asia, where salinity is the limiting environmental factor. To study the defense mechanism of salt stress responses in water dropwort, we studied two water dropwort cultivars, V11E0022 and V11E0135, based on phenotypic and physiological indexes. We found that V11E0022 were tolerant to salt stress, as a result of good antioxidant defense system in the form of osmolyte (proline), antioxidants (polyphenols and flavonoids), and antioxidant enzymes (APX and CAT), which provided novel insights for salt-tolerant mechanisms. Then, a comparative transcriptomic analysis was conducted, and Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in the carbohydrate metabolic process could reduce oxidative stress and enhance energy production that can help in adaptation against salt stress. Similarly, lipid metabolic processes can also enhance tolerance against salt stress by reducing the transpiration rate, H2O2, and oxidative stress. Furthermore, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed that DEGs involved in hormone signals transduction pathway promoted the activities of antioxidant enzymes and reduced oxidative stress; likewise, arginine and proline metabolism, and flavonoid pathways also stimulated the biosynthesis of proline and flavonoids, respectively, in response to salt stress. Moreover, transcription factors (TFs) were also identified, which play an important role in salt stress tolerance of water dropwort. The finding of this study will be helpful for crop improvement under salt stress.

scholarly journals Multidisciplinary studies supporting conservation programmes of two rare, endangered Limonium species from Spain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara González-Orenga ◽  
Ma Pilar Donat-Torres ◽  
Josep V. Llinares ◽  
Albert Navarro ◽  
Francisco Collado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Salt Marshes ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Number Of Individuals

Abstract Background and aims Two local threatened endemics from Valencian salt marshes were analysed from a multidisciplinary perspective combining field studies with experiments performed under greenhouse-controlled conditions. The work aimed to investigate the habitat of the two species but also to explore their limits of tolerance to severe drought and salinity and the mechanisms behind their stress responses. Methods The number of individuals in several populations, climatic conditions, soil characteristics and accompanying vegetation in the natural habitats were analysed in the field study. Plants obtained by seed germination were grown in the greenhouse and subjected to one month of water and salt stress treatments. Growth and biochemical parameters were analysed after the treatments were finalised. Results No correlation between climatic parameters and the number of individuals censed of the two Limonium species could be established. Although L. dufourii was found in more saline soils in the natural habitats, under controlled greenhouse conditions, this species was more severely affected by salt treatment than L. albuferae, which is more susceptible to water stress. A common biochemical response was the increase of proline under all stress treatments, but mostly in water-stressed plants. Oxidative stress markers, MDA and H2O2, did not indicate significant differences between the treatments. The differences in the two species' responses to the two kinds of stress were correlated with the activation of the antioxidant enzymes, more pronounced in conditions of salt stress in L. albuferae and of water stress in L. dufourii. Conclusions Although L. albuferae is found in sites with lower salinity in the natural habitats, the greenhouse experiment indicated that it tolerates higher concentrations of salt than L. dufouri, which is more resistant to drought. The two species efficiently mitigate oxidative stress by activation of antioxidant enzymes. The results obtained may be helpful for the conservation management of the two species: whereas salinity is not problematic, as the two species tolerated under controlled conditions salinities far beyond those in their natural environments, water scarcity may be a problem for L. albuferae, which proved to be more susceptible to water deficit.

scholarly journals Simultaneous Biochemical and Physiological Responses of the Roots and Leaves of Pancratium maritimum (Amaryllidaceae) to Mild Salt Stress

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 345
Author(s):  
Simona Carfagna ◽  
Giovanna Salbitani ◽  
Michele Innangi ◽  
Bruno Menale ◽  
Olga De Castro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Reduced Glutathione ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Electron Donors ◽  
Organic Osmolytes ◽  
Glutathione Disulfide ◽  
Stress Changes ◽  
Leaves And Roots ◽  
Pancratium Maritimum

Pancratium maritimum (Amaryllidaceae) is a bulbous geophyte growing on coastal sands. In this study, we investigated changes in concentrations of metabolites in the root and leaf tissue of P. maritimum in response to mild salt stress. Changes in concentrations of osmolytes, glutathione, sodium, mineral nutrients, enzymes, and other compounds in the leaves and roots were measured at 0, 3, and 10 days during a 10-day exposure to two levels of mild salt stress, 50 mM NaCl or 100 mM NaCl in sandy soil from where the plants were collected in dunes near Cuma, Italy. Sodium accumulated in the roots, and relatively little was translocated to the leaves. At both concentrations of NaCl, higher values of the concentrations of oxidized glutathione disulfide (GSSG), compared to reduced glutathione (GSH), in roots and leaves were associated with salt tolerance. The concentration of proline increased more in the leaves than in the roots, and glycine betaine increased in both roots and leaves. Differences in the accumulation of organic osmolytes and electron donors synthesized in both leaves and roots demonstrate that osmoregulatory and electrical responses occur in these organs of P. maritimum under mild salt stress.

scholarly journals Salt stress tolerance in cowpea is poorly related to the ability to cope with oxidative stress

2014 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidney C. Praxedes ◽  
Fábio M. Damatta ◽  
Claudivan F. De Lacerda ◽  
José T. Prisco ◽  
Enéas Gomes-Filho
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Guaiacol Peroxidase ◽  
Salt Stress Tolerance ◽  
Sod Activity ◽  
Functional Link ◽  
Leaves And Roots

Abstract We have previously demonstrated that salt tolerance in cowpea could be associated with lesser impairments of the photosynthetic capacity. Taking into account that photosynthesis is the main sink for reducing power consumption, our central working hypothesis is that a salt-sensitive cultivar is more prone to suffer from oxidative stress. We analyzed the long-term effects of salt stress on oxidative damage and protection against reactive oxygen species in both leaves and roots of a salt-tolerant (Pitiúba) and a salt-sensitive (TVu) cowpea cultivar. Two salt treatments (0 and 75 mM NaCl) were applied to 10-day-old plants grown in nutrient solution for 24 days. Significant salt-induced oxidative damage as demonstrated via increases in malondialdehyde concentration were noted, particularly in leaves at the end of the experiment, although such damage was found earlier in Pitiúba. In salt-stressed plants, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased only in Pitiúba at 24 days from the start of salt additions (DSSA). In Pitiúba, catalase (CAT) was not significantly affected by the treatments, whereas in TVu its activity was dramatically lower in salt-stressed plants at 10DSSAonwards. In general salt stress led to significant increases, much more pronounced in ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), at the end of the experiment in both cultivars. In roots, salt-induced increases in enzyme activities were particularly noted at 24 DSSA, as found for SOD and APX in Pitiúba, CAT in TVu and GR and GPX in both cultivars. Therefore, in contrast to our expectations, the present results argue, to a great extent, against a functional link between salt stress tolerance and the expression of the antioxidant system. We also demonstrated that leaves and roots should be evaluated for a full assessment of whole plant acclimation to salt stress.

scholarly journals Role of Silicon in Mediating Salt Tolerance in Plants: A Review

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong-Xing Zhu ◽  
Hai-Jun Gong ◽  
Jun-Liang Yin
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Polyamine Metabolism ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Aquaporin Gene ◽  
Ion Imbalance ◽  
The Impact

Salt stress is a major threat for plant growth worldwide. The regulatory mechanisms of silicon in alleviating salt stress have been widely studied using physiological, molecular genetics, and genomic approaches. Recently, progresses have been made in elucidating the alleviative effects of silicon in salt-induced osmotic stress, Na toxicity, and oxidative stress. In this review, we highlight recent development on the impact of silicon application on salt stress responses. Emphasis will be given to the following aspects. (1) Silicon transporters have been experimentally identified in different plant species and their structure feature could be an important molecular basis for silicon permeability. (2) Silicon could mediate salt-induced ion imbalance by (i) regulating Na+ uptake, transport, and distribution and (ii) regulating polyamine levels. (3) Si-mediated upregulation of aquaporin gene expression and osmotic adjustment play important roles in alleviating salinity-induced osmotic stress. (4) Silicon application direct/indirectly mitigates oxidative stress via regulating the antioxidant defense and polyamine metabolism. (5) Omics studies reveal that silicon could regulate plants’ response to salt stress by modulating the expression of various genes including transcription factors and hormone-related genes. Finally, research areas that require further investigation to provide a deeper understanding of the role of silicon in plants are highlighted.

scholarly journals Salinity tolerance in chickpea is associated with the ability to ‘exclude’ Na from leaf mesophyll cells

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (18) ◽  
pp. 4991-5002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukasz Kotula ◽  
Peta L Clode ◽  
Juan De La Cruz Jimenez ◽  
Timothy D Colmer
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Salinity Treatment ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Leaf Mesophyll ◽  
Excessive Accumulation

Abstract Salinity tolerance is associated with Na ‘exclusion’ from, or ‘tissue tolerance’ in, leaves. We investigated whether two contrasting chickpea genotypes, salt-tolerant Genesis836 and salt-sensitive Rupali, differ in leaf tissue tolerance to NaCl. We used X-ray microanalysis to evaluate cellular Na, Cl, and K concentrations in various cell types within leaflets and also in secretory trichomes of the two chickpea genotypes in relation to photosynthesis in control and saline conditions. TEM was used to assess the effects of salinity on the ultrastructure of chloroplasts. Genesis836 maintained net photosynthetic rates (A) for the 21 d of salinity treatment (60 mM NaCl), whereas A in Rupali substantially decreased after 11 d. Leaflet tissue [Na] was low in Genesis836 but had increased markedly in Rupali. In Genesis836, Na was accumulated in epidermal cells but was low in mesophyll cells, whereas in Rupali cellular [Na] was high in both cell types. The excessive accumulation of Na in mesophyll cells of Rupali corresponded to structural damage to the chloroplasts. Maintenance of photosynthesis and thus salinity tolerance in Genesis836 was associated with an ability to ‘exclude’ Na from leaflets and in particular from the photosynthetically active mesophyll cells, and to compartmentalize Na in epidermal cells.

Evaluation of antioxidant enzymes activity in canola under salt stress

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jafar Abili ◽  
Sajjad Zare
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Guaiacol Peroxidase ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Semi Arid

Salinity is one of the major stresses in arid and semi-arid regions causing adverse effects at physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels, limiting crop productivity. In this research, three canola cultivars (Licord, Talayeh, Zarfam) were compared at 5 salinity levels (control, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mM) for their catalase, guaiacol peroxidase, superoxide dismutase activity,proline and yield in a completely randomized design with 3 replications. In our study, we found that NaCl concentrations greater than 150 and 200 mM caused the irreversible disorders. Increased salt concentrations led to significant changes in the levels of antioxidative enzymes and proline in three canola cultivars. Also, yield rates in three varieties decreased in the presence of NaCl concentrations.

Exogenous application of 24-epibrassinosteroid mitigates NaCl toxicity in flax by modifying free amino acids profile and antioxidant defence system

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Amraee ◽  
Fatemeh Rahmani ◽  
Babak Abdollahi Mandoulakani
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Ion Homeostasis ◽  
Seed Priming ◽  
Antioxidant Response ◽  
Salinity Treatment ◽  
Antioxidant Defence System

In the present study, we investigated the ameliorative effects of 24-epibrassinosteroid (24-epiBL) on antioxidant response and ion homeostasis in two NaCl-stressed Linum usitatissimum L. (flax) cultivars differing in salt tolerance. The content and profile of amino acids were also studied in the tolerant cultivar. Salt stress differently altered the activity of antioxidant enzymes, phenol and flavonoid contents, total antioxidant capacity and ion homeostasis in both cultivars, whereas H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were induced only in the TN-97-95 cultivar. Free amino acid concentrations showed variable patterns under salinity conditions compared with the control plants. 24-epiBL decreased the soluble protein content in NaCl-treated plants and also decreased stimulatory effects of salinity on the production and accumulation of phenol and flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacity with altered ion (Na+, K+, and Cl–) contents. The 24-epiBL reduced the chlorophylls (a, b) and carotenoid contents in salt-treated TN-97-95 cultivar while enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzymes and declined the H2O2 content and lipid peroxidation in both NaCl-stressed cultivars. The profile and content of amino acids were significantly changed by 24-epiBL application under salinity treatment. In summary, our findings demonstrate that 24-epiBL seed priming mitigates the deleterious effects of salt stress in flax plants.

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